aphug chap 12 + 13 vocab

basic industries

Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement
- oil, steel, chemicals, etc

Business Services

Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services

Central Place

A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area.

Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

Clustered rural settlement

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

Consumer Services

Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure services

Dispersed rural settlement

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

Economic Base

A community's collection of basic industries.

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

food desert

An area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has poor access to a grocery store, defined in most cases as further than 1 mile.

global city

A city-such as London, New York, or Tokyo-that has become an organizing center of the new global economy.

Gravity Model

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

market area (hinterland)

The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.

Megacity

City with more than 10 million people

Non-basic industries

Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community.

periodic market

a collection of individual vendors who come together to offer goods and services in a location on specified days

primate city

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

Primate City Rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

public services

Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.

range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

rank-size rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

service

Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.

settlement

A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.

threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support the service

Annexation

Legally adding land area to a city in the United States

Census Tract

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.

Central Business District (CBD)

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.

Combined Statistical Area (CSA)

In the United States, two or more contiguous core based statistical areas tied together by commuting patterns.

Edge City

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

Megalopolis

A very large city
- a continuous urban complex in the northeastern us

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

In the United States, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.

Micropolitan Statistical Area

An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.

Public Housing

Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families' incomes.

rush/peak hour

The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.

smart growth

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.

Social area analysis

Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and life style live within an urban area.

sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

Underclass

A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.

urbanized area

In the United States, an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants.