WAYFINDING WITHOUT MAPS

Before printed maps existed how did people orient themselves?

Oral histories, celestial allignments, modification to the land, and other strategies

What helped humans create a mental map of a place or route?

Narratives, sensory cues, and natural features

What is mapmaking?

Recording spatial knowledge in a physical or graphical way

For thousands of years what has been an important method for humans to find their way?

Navigation and calculation by the stars without scientific instruments

What was an important survival skills when it came to navigation?

Knowing stars and constellations aswell as when and where they could appear

For North American groups star knowledge was also what kind of tool?

A narrative tool for conveying cosmology

What is the Native Skywatchers program?

A joint effort that produced modern visualizations of Native star knowledge

What does the Native Skywatchers program show?

The intersection between physical location and cultural tradition

Where is the Native Skywatchers program located?

Minnesota

What is the Native Skywatchers program a joint effort between?

Dakota, Lakota, and Ojibwe artists, scientists, linguists, and elders

What other methods exist for customary knowledge of wayfinding?

Stories, songs, and other forms of oral history

Aboriginal Australians developed what for orientation?

Chants and songs

The chants and songs developed by Australias aboriginal people connect what two things?

Personal travel and journeys of ancestral beings

What is the knowledge of Aboriginal Australians used for navigaton known as?

The Dreaming

What musical elements does the chants and songs of the Aboriginal Australian population use?

Repetition and call and response

What helps solidify the narratives used by Aboriginal Australians?

Rock art and physical modification of the land

What is sued to indicate features?

Patterns shapes and lines

What features do the patterns shapes and lines of the Aboriginal Australians include?

Water holes, campsites, rivers, or areas of great spiritual or ancestrial power