Renal and Urologic Diseases/Conditions Flashcards

Flashcards about Renal and Urologic diseases/conditions

What is a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)?

Infection that can occur anywhere in the urinary tract, more common in women and children under 2.

What are the causes and risk factors for UTIs?

Bacteria (Escherichia coli), diabetes, advanced age, urinary retention, catheters, bowel incontinence, enlarged prostate, kidney stones, immobility, pregnancy, surgery; risk factors for women.

What are the symptoms of lower urinary tract infections?

Frequent urge to urinate, painful burning sensation, lower abdominal discomfort, strong-smelling/cloudy urine, occasional fever.

What are the symptoms and complications of upper urinary tract infections?

Permanent kidney damage, sepsis, acute renal failure, chills, fatigue, fever, flank pain, skin changes, mental changes, nausea, vomiting.

What exams and tests are used to diagnose UTIs?

Urinalysis (WBC, RBC, bacteria, nitrites), urine culture (identify bacteria), CBC, blood culture.

What are the treatments for UTIs?

Antibiotics (oral or IV), increased fluid intake, cranberry juice.

What are the classifications of adult-onset Renal Cystic Diseases?

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), Medullary Sponge Kidney, Medullary Cystic Disease.

What is Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)?

Genetic disease caused by mutation in PDK1 and PDK2 genes, leading to progressive renal failure.

What are the symptoms of Renal Cystic Disease?

High blood pressure, back/side pain, headache, enlarged abdomen, hematuria, frequent urination, kidney stones/failure, UTIs.

How is polycystic kidney disease treated?

Controlling blood pressure/pain, treating infections/aneurysms, dialysis, kidney transplant.

What are Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)?

Solid masses of crystals that cause severe pain when moving down ureters.

What are the risk factors for Renal Calculi?

Family history, adulthood, male gender, dehydration, certain diets, obesity, digestive issues.

What are the different types of Renal Calculi?

Calcium, cystine, struvite, uric acid.

What are the symptoms of Renal Calculi?

Severe, sudden pain in stomach/back/groin, hematuria.

How are Renal Calculi diagnosed?

Stone analysis, urinalysis, imaging (CT, MRI, X-ray, ultrasound), blood tests (calcium, oxalate, uric acid).

What is the treatment for Renal Calculi?

Fluids, pain relievers, medications (allopurinol, antibiotics, diuretics), lithotripsy, surgery.

What is Chronic Renal Failure?

Slow loss of kidney function over time, leading to fluid/waste buildup.

What are the most common causes of Chronic Renal Failure?

Diabetes and high blood pressure.

What are other risk factors for Chronic Renal Failure?

Problems with arteries, birth defects, medications, autoimmune disorders, trauma, glomerulonephritis, kidney stones, reflux nephropathy.

What are the early symptoms of Chronic Renal Failure?

Fatigue, itching, headache, weight loss, appetite loss, nausea.

What are the later symptoms of Chronic Renal Failure?

Skin changes, bone pain, nervous system symptoms, muscle issues, easy bleeding, excessive thirst, sexual dysfunction, sleep problems, edema, vomiting.

What tests are used to assess Chronic Renal Failure?

Urinalysis, creatinine levels, BUN, creatinine clearance, and regular monitoring of potassium, sodium, albumin, phosphorus, calcium, cholesterol, magnesium, CBC, electrolytes.

What is the treatment for Chronic Renal Failure?

Control underlying disease/blood pressure, healthy lifestyle, vaccinations, dialysis/transplant.

What is Urinary Incontinence?

Inability to prevent urine leakage from the urethra.

What are the three types of Urinary Incontinence?

Stress, urge, and overflow incontinence.

What are the causes of Urinary Incontinence?

Anatomy problems, blockage, brain/nerve issues, medications, pregnancy, infection, stool impaction, weight gain.

What are the treatment options for Urinary Incontinence?

Exercises, lifestyle changes, medications, surgery.

What is Neurogenic Bladder?

Bladder dysfunction due to brain or nerve conditions.

What disorders cause Neurogenic Bladder?

CNS disorders (Alzheimer's, MS, stroke) and PNS disorders (neuropathy, pelvic surgery damage).

What are the symptom differences between Overactive vs. Underactive Neurogenic Bladder ?

Overactive (frequent urination, loss of control) and Underactive (bladder fullness, urinary retention).

What are the treatments for Neurogenic Bladder?

Medications (relaxants, activators), botox, Kegel exercises, catheter, surgery.