AP World Unit 1 (Africa & Europe)

How does it represent a fusion of Hinduism and Buddhism?

It combines Hindu and Buddhist beliefs and practices

What role did merchants play in the spread of Islam into the region?

Merchants spread Islam through trade routes by sharing their beliefs and establishing Muslim communities.

What role did Sufism play in the spread of Islam into the region?

Sufi missionaries helped spread Islam by adapting it to local cultures and emphasizing personal faith and devotion.

Architecturally

for what were the Mississippian people known?

What caused the decline of the Mississippian civilization?

Environmental changes

What is a city-state?

An independent city and the surrounding territory that is ruled as its own state.

Would the Mayan people be considered urban?

Yes

Why did the Mayan city-states typically choose to go to war?

They fought for land

What roles did the common citizen have in Mayan society?

Common citizens farmed

What were some of the cultural achievements of the Mayan people?

They developed advanced mathematics

Did the Mayans use human sacrifice?

Yes

Why did the Mayans practice human sacrifice?

They believed sacrifices honored the gods and helped maintain balance and gain divine favor.

Give examples of how the Aztecs interacted with their environment to support Tenochtitlan.

They built chinampas

What is a chinampa?

A raised farming plot built in shallow lake areas

Explain the Aztec tribute system.

Conquered peoples were required to send goods

How was this similar to the tribute system of Song Dynasty China?

Both systems required conquered or controlled peoples to provide goods and resources to the ruling government.

How did the Aztecs maintain political control over their provinces?

They used military force

What is a theocracy?

A government in which religious leaders or religious beliefs guide political rule.

What role did human sacrifice play in Aztec religion and society?

It was believed to satisfy the gods and maintain the cosmic order; it was also used to demonstrate religious and political power.

What was the role of women in Aztec society?

Women managed households

What contributed to the decline of the Aztec Empire?

Disease

How did the Inca govern their territory?

They used a centralized government with the emperor at the top and organized provinces controlled by officials.

What was the mita system?

A labor system requiring people to provide a certain amount of work for the government.

What role did human sacrifice play in Incan society?

It was used in certain religious ceremonies to honor gods and ask for protection or prosperity.

What is animism?

The belief that spirits exist in animals

What was the quipu?

A system of knotted cords used by the Inca to record information such as numbers

What is waru waru?

A raised-field farming technique that helped protect crops from flooding and frost.

What is the Capac Nan and how did it aid in the governance and trade of the Inca?

The Capac Nan was the Inca road system

What is a kin-based network?

A social system in which people are connected through family and clan relationships.

What is a chief and what role did he play in African politics?

A chief was a local political leader who governed a community

What is a district?

A smaller administrative area within a larger political territory.

How did the district aid in the resolution of issues?

Local districts allowed problems and disputes to be handled closer to the people by local leaders.

What is trans-Saharan trade?

Trade across the Sahara Desert connecting West Africa with North Africa and the Mediterranean.

How did the following groups or regions grow in wealth and power?

They gained wealth and power through trade

Ghana

The Ghana Empire became wealthy by controlling gold and salt trade routes and taxing merchants.

Mali

The Mali Empire became wealthy through gold production

Zimbabwe

Great Zimbabwe became wealthy through gold and long-distance trade

What major religion was introduced into North Africa and East Africa due to trade?

Islam.

What was the primary religion of Ethiopia?

Christianity

Describe the social roles of women in sub-Saharan Africa.

Women commonly farmed

Did slavery exist in Sub-Saharan society?

Yes

Who became enslaved in Sub-Saharan Africa?

People captured in warfare

Who participated in the Indian Ocean slave trade?

African

Define zanj and what role did the zanj play in the economy.

Zanj referred to enslaved people from East Africa who were transported around the Indian Ocean and used as laborers

What happened in Europe during the time of the Middle Ages

or medieval period?

Define feudalism.

A political and social system based on relationships between kings

Upon what was the system of feudalism based?

It was based on land ownership

What were the king's duties?

The king granted land

What were the lord's duties?

Lords managed their lands

What were the knight's duties?

Knights provided military service and protected their lord's land.

What were the peasant's duties?

Peasants farmed the land

In what was wealth measured in feudalism?

Wealth was primarily measured by land.

What is the code of chivalry?

A code of conduct for knights emphasizing courage

What is a manor?

A lord's estate that included farmland

What was the manorial system?

An economic system in which a manor was largely self-sufficient and peasants worked the lord's land in exchange for protection and the right to live on the land.

How were serfs tied to the land of their lord?

Serfs could not freely leave the manor and were legally bound to work the lord's land.

What did the serf receive from the lord?

The serf received protection and the right to farm and live on part of the lord's land.

What did the serf give to the lord?

The serf provided labor

Describe the three-field system.

Farmland was divided into three fields

What technologies were utilized in the three-field system?

The heavy plow

What happened to the population of Europe as a result of the agricultural output?

The population increased because more food was produced and fewer people faced starvation.

How did monarchs in the High Middle Ages become more powerful over their lords?

They strengthened central governments

What is the Magna Carta?

A document signed in 1215 that limited the king's power and established that the king was subject to the law.

What is the English Parliament?

A representative governing body that developed to advise the monarch and participate in making laws and taxes.

What is the House of Lords?

The upper house of Parliament made up historically of nobles and church officials.

What is the House of Commons?

The lower house of Parliament representing commoners and elected representatives.

What happened to the Christian Church with the Great Schism of 1054?

The Christian Church split into the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe and the Eastern Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe.

Other than religious authority

how were church officials important to the community?

What religion provided a cultural continuity for the people of Europe during the Middle Ages?

Christianity.

How did education and art support the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages?

They taught Christian beliefs

What are monasteries?

Religious communities where monks or nuns lived

What is the HOLY LAND?

The region of the Middle East considered sacred to Judaism

What major religious city is in the region of the HOLY LAND?

Jerusalem.

What were the Crusades?

A series of religious wars in which European Christians fought to gain or maintain control of the Holy Land and other territories.

Why did the merchant class support the Crusades?

Merchants hoped to gain access to trade routes

Why was the First Crusade successful for the Christian Church?

European Crusaders captured Jerusalem and established several Christian-controlled states in the Holy Land.

What did the Muslims do about 90 years later?

Muslim forces under Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187.

Who were the bourgeoisie/merchant class that developed?

The bourgeoisie were wealthy urban merchants

What happened to the size of cities?

Cities grew as trade increased

What was the Black Death?

A devastating plague pandemic that killed a large portion of Europe's population in the 1300s.

Why did many Jews move to Northern Europe and commercial cities?

They moved to areas with greater economic opportunities

What special role did Jews play in European business?

Because Christians were often restricted from lending money at interest

What is anti-Semitism?

Prejudice

Where did many move to during the High Middle Ages/Renaissance?

Many people moved to growing towns and cities in search of trade

What was the Renaissance?

A period of renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman culture

What role did trade and the merchant class play in the growth of the Renaissance?

Wealthy merchants funded artists

What was the invention of Gutenberg?

Johannes Gutenberg developed the movable-type printing press in Europe.

What was the impact of the Gutenberg invention?

Books became cheaper and more widely available

What is humanism?

An intellectual movement emphasizing human potential

What is secularism?

The idea of focusing on worldly or non-religious matters rather than primarily religious concerns.

What is vernacular language/literature?

The everyday language spoken by ordinary people rather than Latin or another scholarly language.

The Southern/Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance

The Italian Renaissance focused heavily on classical culture