Oceanography Exam 1

Average Depth of the world ocean

3800

What is the highlighted part of the margin

Continental Slope

Lies just above the continental slope

Continental shelf

Lies just below the continental slope

Continental rise

Lies between the continental shelf and slope

Shelf break

Lies below the continental rise

Abyssal plain

Pelagic zone

Water column

Benthic zone

Bottom

Neritic province

all water from low tide to shelf break

Oceanic province

all water in the open ocean

0-200m in the oceanic province

Epi(upon)pelagic/euphotic zone

200-1000m m in the oceanic province

Meso(middle)pelagic zone

1000-4000m in the oceanic province

bathy(deep)pelagic zone

4000-6000m in the oceanic province

Abyssopelagic zone

6000m in the oceanic province

hado(hades)pelagic

above high tide line

supralittoral/spray zone

region between high and low tide

littoral/intertidal zone

low tide to shelf break

sublittoral/shelf zone

shelf break to 4000m

bathyal zone

4000-6000m

abyssal zone

deeper than 6000m

hadal zone

Which ocean is the largest and deepest

Pacific

Which province refers to deep open ocean areas

hadalpelagic

Passive continental margins

not associated with plate boundaries

Active continental margins

associated with plate boundaries

The motion of the plates is mostly due to

Lithosphere convection cells

Wegener’s evidence for plate tectonics

Fossil distribution, fit of continents, distribution of rock types, glacial scarring

A trench and a chain of volcanic islands most likely results from

An oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary

Evidence for seafloor spreading at a divergent boundary

Sediment age and thickness, magnetic patterns, heat flow, age of crust

A guyot is

A flat-topped seamount

Darwin predicted the evolution of coral reefs occurred in the order

Fringing > barrier > atoll

Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is

Denser, newer, less crystalline

Which layer of earth is composed mainly of fluid rock?

Asthenosphere

Crust is generally not created or destroyed at which type of plate boundary

transform boundary

Why will Cartman float higher than Kenny in seawater

Cartman is less dense

If the Starks built Winterfell Castle from oceanic crustal rock, it would be made mostly of

Basalt

If in Titanic, Leo’s body came to rest on the seafloor at a depth of 3000 m, it would lie in the

Bathyal zone

If the attractive Hawaii 5-0 cast were consumed in lava, the volcanic eruption would likely be the result of a

Hot spot

The Twilight Zone refers to both a classic TV show and which part of the ocean?

Dysphotic Zone

Magnetic dip angle

It can be used to determine the latitude at which rocks were formed, horizontal at the equator, vertical at the poles, angle is retained in rock when solidifies in magma

What temperature seawater freezes at

-2C

What is the Moho

boundary between the crust and mantle

How old is the earth

4.5 BYO

How was the earth formed

From the accretion of other particles in the solar system

Water’s unique properties come from

The uneven distribution of electrons in the water molecule making it polar, which form hydrogen bonds

What makes water unique

High surface tension, solid phase is less dense than liquid phase, high heat capacity, universal solvent

Pangea broke up into

Laurasia and Gondwanaland

Earth’s magnetic field comes from

the outer core

Elements used in lots of biological processes generally have ____ residence times

Short

The deepest part of the ocean is approximately

11000m deep

What are the major oceans in order of size

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, Arctic

What is the deepest region in the world ocean

Challenger Deep 11000m

What is the inner core made out of

Solid iron and nickel

What is the outer core made out of

Liquid iron and nickel

What is the aesthenosphere made of

Liquid Mantle rock

What is the lithosphere made out of

Solid mantle rock and oceanic crust

What is continental crust made out of

Less dense granite

What is istostacy

The state of gravitational equilibrium where the Earth's solid outer layer floats on the denser, semi-fluid mantle beneath it

How does paleomagnetic evidence support the theory of plate tectonics

Looking at crust data, older crust has magnetic particles pointing different directions. It is more likely that the plates moved than the poles.

What is mantle convection

Hotter, less dense rock in the deep mantle slowly rises, while cooler, denser rock sinks.

Transform Boundary

Plates slide past each other creating fault lines, shallow earthquakes, no crust is created or destroyed.

Convergent Boundary

Plates collide creating subduction trenches, mountain ranges, most violent earthquakes and volcanoes

Divergent boundaries

Plates separate leading to underwater mountain chains, deep continental valleys, mild earthquakes and volcanic activity

What are seamounts

Steep, conical underwater mountains that rise at least 1,000 meters without breaking the water's surface

What are hotspots

Stationary, localized areas deep in the Earth's mantle where hot magma plumes rise independently of tectonic plate boundaries

How are islands like Hawaii unique

A tectonic plate moves over a hotspot instead of forming through plate boundaries

What is outgassing?

Release of gases trapped within a planet's interior through volcanic activity that then condensed and rained down onto the surface of earth.