ANSC 625 - Equine/Ruminants Infectious Respiratory Disease (Exam II)

empyema and mycosis

What are the two guttural pouch diseases?

pus in the pouch that typically occurs with upper respiratory bacterial infections

What happens during empyema of the guttural pouch?

fungal infection in pouch caused by Aspergillus that can erode pouch lining, damaging carotid arteries and cranial nerves

What happens during mycosis of the guttural pouch?

nasal dishcarge, painful swelling in area, cranial nerve deficits, most common first sign being enlarged submandibular lymph nodes

What are the signs of guttural pouch disease?

radiographs and endoscopy

How can you diagnose guttural pouch disease?

systemic and local antimicrobial therapy

How can you treat guttural pouch disease?

guttural pouch disease (empyema or mycosis)

This horse is having difficulty chewing and nasal discharge alongside this observed sign. What could be happening?

equine herpesvirus 1 and 4

What is the pathogen of equine viral rhinopneumonitis?

2-10 days

What is the incubation period for equine virual rhinopneumonitis?

rhinopharyngitis, tracheobronchitis, and pneuomonitis

Equine viral rhinopneumonitis can cause what conditions?

fever, nasal discharge cough, inappetence, and/or enlarged lymph nodes of the head, often complicated by secondary bacterial infections

What are the signs of equine virual rhinpneumonitis?

abort

Pregnant mares can do what weeks to months after infection with EHV-1?

viral pneumonitis

Mares exposed late in gestation to EHV-1 may give birth to live foals with ______

neurologic disease

Specific strains of EHV-1 can cause ____ with signs ranging from mild incoordination to paralysis

recurrence of disease and shedding of virus

Many adults are latently infected with EHV-1 and EHV-4 with stress or immunosuppression resulting in what?

direct or indirect contact with infectious nasal secretions and aborted tissues and fluids

How is equine viral rhinopneuominitis transmitted?

PCR or virus isolation from nasopharyngeal swab, aborted tissue, or CSF

How can you diagnose equine viral rhinopneumonitis?

supportive care, anti-viral medications

How can you treat equine virual rhinopneumonitis?

good biosecurity, minimizing stress, not allowing horses to leave premises until 3 weeks after recovery from last case, vaccination of foals at 4-6 months of age with vaccine boosters during pregnancy

How can you control equine viral rhinopneumonitis?

yes

Is equine viral rhinpneumonitis reportable in NH?

an orbivirus (non-enveloped RNA)

What is bluetongue?

domestic and wild ruminants,

Bluetongue is a disease that infects who?

equine viral rhinopneumonitis

This horse is having trouble with coordination and has discharge coming from its nostrils. What could be happening?

yes (mostly seen in south and west US)

Is bluetongue reportable in NH?

true

True or false - mortality of bluetongue ranges widely with serotype and host

vector (bite of Culicoides midges)

How is bluetongue spread?

subclinical

_____ disease (no obvious signs) is very common with bluetongue

chronic and acute

What are the two types of bluetongue that can occur?

dyspnea, fever, frothing from nostrils, death due to pulmonary edema, facial edema, nasal congestion, hemorrhages in oral membranes, tongue swollen/cyanotic, inflammation of hoof vasculature

What occurs during acute bluetongue?

unthrifty, wool break, reproductive losses, secondary bacterial infections

What occurs during chronic bluetongue?

vasculitis (observed post-mortem)

____ increases vessel permeability, causing edema and hemorrhage in the lungs and heart during bluetongue

signs and lesions of endemic areas and confirmed with virus isolation, PCR, and/or serologic response

How can you diagnose bluetongue?

no

Is there a treatment for bluetongue?

vaccination prior to and during outbreak (if serotype is identified and matched), reducing vector species

How can you control bluetongue?

pregnant ewes can abort or give birth to lambs with CNS abnormalities, vaccine associated virus can spread by vector and reassort with wild type to lead to new viral serotypes

What can be a consequence of using a bluetongue vaccine?

infectious/inflammatory condition of the lungs

What is pneuomonia?

dyspnea, cyanosis, coughing, fever, in severe cases appetite and growth rate decrease

What are the common signs of pneuomonia (general)?

true

True or false - there are often abnormal lung sounds on auscultation with pneumonia

respiratory irritants, bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungus (is often a mix)

What can cause pneumonia (general)?

poor ventilation, stress and overcrowding, inadequate biosecurity, inadequate testing and vaccination prorgrams

What are some contributing factors to the development of pneumonia?

improving management, treating the treatable and providing supportive care, and improving immunity

What should be focused on in cases of pneumonia?

pulmonary infection characterized by inflammation and necrosis due to inhalation of foreign material

What is aspiration pneumonia?

inappropriate administration of oral drugs, aggressive dip technique, primary neurologic disease that affects swallowing, recumbency, esophageal disease that leads to reflux

What are the possible causes of aspiration pneumonia?

inflammation and necrosis of tissue, cranioventral parts of lung (may be unilateral in animals in which lateral recumbency was cause of aspiration)

What are the lesions of aspiration pneumonia and where are they found?

based on signs and history

How is aspiration pneumonia diagnosed?

transtracheal wsah

Fluid collected during ______ can be cultured to help identify pathogens involved during aspiration pneumonia

broad spectrum antibiotics when first suspect aspiration has occurred

How is aspiration pneumonia treated?

lentivirus, single stranded enveloped RNA

what is ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)?

true

True or false - OPP is a significant cause of decreased production in US sheep with relation to CAE

maedi-visna (dyspnea-wasting)

How is OPP known outside of the US?

long incubation period (2-4 years) with slow progression of disease

What aspect of OPP makes it particularly difficult to control?

No - 100% fatal

Is there treatment for OPP?

it has a long incubation time (2-4 years)

Why is OPP typically seen in older animals?

emaciation/wasting, increasing dyspnea, encephalitis and mastitis possible

What does the slow progression of OPP look like?

they become large, heavy, and firm with enlarged lymph nodes

What happens to the lungs during OPP?

vertically (consumption of colostrum/milk) and horizontally (inhalation of respiratory droplets)

How is OPP transmitted?

serologic testing

How can you diagnose OPP?

testing with isolation or culling of infected animals

How can you control OPP?