Metabolic Reactions and Processes

Flashcards based on metabolic reactions and processes covered in lecture notes.

Metabolism is the sum of all of the __ in the body.

chemical reactions

The process that governs the breakdown of food to obtain energy is called __.

catabolism

Anabolism uses energy produced by catabolic reactions to __ larger molecules from smaller ones.

synthesize

ATP is considered the __ of cells.

energy currency

The terminal __ group is removed from ATP when cells require energy.

phosphate

The most common source of energy to fuel the body is __.

carbohydrates

B-Oxidation is used to breakdown __.

lipids (fatty acids)

Amino acids are the __ of proteins.

monomers

Anabolic reactions are also referred to as __ reactions.

biosynthesis

Cortisol and adrenaline are examples of __ hormones.

catabolic

Insulin and estrogen are examples of __ hormones.

anabolic

The loss of an electron is called __.

oxidation

NAD is reduced to __ during metabolic reactions.

NADH

Polysaccharides are considered __ sugars made of multiple monosaccharides.

complex

Salivary amylase begins the digestion of __ in the mouth.

carbohydrates

ATP is produced from cellular respiration and can be used for __.

energy

The final product at the last step of glycolysis is __.

pyruvate

The citric acid cycle is also known as the __ cycle.

TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid)/Kreb’s Cycle

Pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle at the __ step.

last

The energy-consuming phase which is the first phase of glycolysis requires __ ATP molecules per _ molecule of glucose.

2

The enzyme that helps convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is __.

hexokinase

During anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is converted to __.

lactic acid

The electron transport chain produces ATP using and from the Krebs cycle.

NADH and FADH2

Gluconeogenesis primarily takes place in the __ during periods of low glucose.

liver

Chylomicrons are essential for the transport of and .

fats and cholesterol

Lipolysis occurs in the __ of the cell.

cytoplasm

Ketone bodies are created when there is excessive __.

acetyl CoA

If glucose is limited, the brain uses __ bodies for energy.

ketone

The urea cycle is necessary to prevent toxic levels of __ in the body.

ammonium

The absorptive state occurs after a meal when your body is __ the food.

digesting

Insulin helps with the absorption of blood __ by liver hepatocytes and other cells.

glucose

Approximately __% of energy is lost as heat when producing ATP.

60

Thermoregulation is regulated by __ feedback mechanisms.

negative

Evaporative cooling works by using the natural processes of __ evaporation to cool.

water