roman history midterm

name: Altar architecture

relevance: different Latin cities each commissioned an altar and sacrificed to the Penates here

location: Lavinium

date: Republican period, dated to 6th - 3rd c. BC

name: niger lapis inscription

location: roman forum

date: 500 BC

relevance: writing is archaic latin. there is a word that says REGEI, which likely means rex/regis. this refers to a king, and indicates that there was some sort of king at that period in time. buried under black stone, which indicates that it had some sort of historical importance to the romans

name: Lapis Satricanus

location: Satricum

date: Archaic period, dated to ca. 500 BC

relevance: publius valerius and his suodales built a statue for the god of war, and this was the inscription at the bottom

name: tablet: etruscan texts

location: pyrgi

date: Archaic period, dated to ca. 500 BC

relevance: made of gold, with inscription, bilingual treaty

name: servian wall

location: aventine

date: Republican period, dated to ca. 380 BC

relevance: protected the romans from the gauls, showed what part of rome was populated, also showed it had to be built after veii was conquered because of the tuff used to build the wall

name: Tablet: For A. pullarius

location: Labici

date: Imperial period, dated to 71-130 CE

relevance: funerary inscription. chickens on bottom represent consulting the gods. Appius Claudius Pulcher asks the chickens if he should attack Carthage, and they do not eat so he throws them overboard and attacks them anyways. Loses the battle and fleet is destroyed  

name: Pons Fabricius

location: rome

date: Late Republican period, dated to 62 BC

relevance: connected the tiber island to the mainland and provided a way to cross the tiber, showed the engineering ability of the romans

name: Coin: Sulla accepts olive-branch from Bocchus while Jugurtha kneels behind him

location: rome

date: Late-Republican period, dated to 56 BCE

relevance: Sulla is on the chair, gives himself nickname Felix. Sulla’s propaganda to show that he was responsible for ending the war

name: Coin: Rev: Italian bull gores Roman wolf

location: italica

date: Late-Republican period, dated to ca. 90 BC

relevance: referred to the social wars, another representation of events/politics seen on coins. shows the bull (italica) goring the roman wolf

name: Sarcophagus sculpture: L. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus

location: from Via Appia

date: Republican period, dated to c. 250 BC; now at Vatican Museum

relevance: Celebrate the life of the person and his accomplishments, the people he defeated, etc. Basically, a resume of his life 

Latin term: Res Gestae 

social war

relevance: a conflict between the Roman Republic and its Italian allies (socii) in Italy, primarily stemming from the socii's desire for Roman citizenship

date: 91-88 BC

location: italia established in corfinium, wars fought along the peninsula

veii

relevance: Competing for power over the river 

• Large expansion of Rome because they take control of everything that Veii used to control 

• Also important because Rome now has territory across the river 

location: across the river and northwest from rome

date: rome took control of veii in 396

plebian

plebians revolted in 494 on the aventine hill

relevance: set up a “state” on the aventine, setting up an alternate system from the patricians. goal was to have more of a voice in the political system in rome. start of the conflict of the orders

Amicitia

describes relationship between patrons and clients, means friendship

patrons competed for clients, clients went to patricians for loans or help and repaid them with labor

Sentinum

relevance: Samnites, Etruscans, and a few Gauls come together to take down Rome. Rome defeats them. Etruscans and Samnites are now under Roman control 

location: sentinum, eastern slope of appenines

date: 296 BC

Right of appeal

relevance: lex valeria was the law that stated that citizens had the right to appeal to the consuls. this protected the citizens from the consuls

this law was passed in 450 BC, the right was expanded in later years

there were some changes/additions to this law throughout the conflict of the orders

Ludi

public games for the people of rome, magistrates funded these games so they were important to the election process— they would promise better games than the year before in order to get elected

date: plebian games 220, games for apollo 212, etc.

location: rome

Collegiality

describes the relationship between consuls, they are colleagues and have equal power. they can veto one another, serves to provide checks and balances to their political system

Comitia Curiata

original voting body— each curiae had a comitia curiata. responsible for important legislative and electoral functions, played a crucial role in the establishment of Roman law and governance.

location: roman forum

Via Appia

first road in rome, connects rome to capua

Appius Claudius Caecus is elected censor and lets out contracts for a road and for aqueducts. showed the duties of the magistrates to improve rome, also facilitated movement of people, goods, and military 

date: 312

location: rome to capua, later extended to connect to brindisi

census

servius started the census

sorts people into their tribes and classes. censor performs the census and also determines who is in the senate

first census is in the 6th century

location: throughout roman territory