Week 4 Care of Fetus During Perinatal Period

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Embryonic Stage

The period after implantation during which all major organs and structures within the growing fetus develop.

Pregnancy

The state of having a developing embryo or fetus within the body, from conception to delivery.

Decidua

The term for the uterine lining during pregnancy, which will be discarded after birth.

Trophoblast

Cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst that provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into part of the placenta.

Blastocyst

The stage the human embryo reaches approximately 5-6 days after fertilization.

Decidua Basalis

The part of the endometrium directly under the embryo where trophoblasts communicate with maternal blood vessels.

Decidua Capsularis

The portion of the endometrium that encapsulates the surface of the trophoblast.

Decidua Vera

The remaining portion of the uterine lining after the embryo enlarges.

Chorionic Villi

Miniature villi that reach out from the trophoblast into the uterine endometrium to begin placenta formation.

Syncytiotrophoblast

The outer layer of cells that produces various placental hormones, including hCG and estrogen.

Cytotrophoblast

The middle layer of trophoblast cells that disappears between 20th and 24th weeks of gestation.

Placenta

A flat, disc-shaped organ responsible for nutrient and gas exchange between the fetus and mother.

Amnion

The inner layer of the fetal membrane that gives rise to amniotic fluid and the umbilical cord.

Umbilical Cord

A structure containing two arteries and one vein that connects the fetus to the placenta.

Amniotic Fluid

A clear fluid in which the fetus floats, providing protection and facilitating movement.

Hydramnios

A condition of excessive amniotic fluid, more than 2000 ml.

Oligohydramnios

A condition of reduced amniotic fluid, less than 300 ml.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A hormone that ensures the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone and estrogen.

Estrogen

A hormone that contributes to mammary gland development and stimulates uterine growth.

Progesterone

A hormone that maintains the endometrial lining and reduces uterine contractility.

Totipotent Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells that can develop into a complete human being.

Pluripotent Stem Cells

Cells that can develop into specific body cells, such as nerve or skin cells.

Multipotent Cells

Cells that can develop into multiple cell types but are more limited than pluripotent cells.

Ectoderm

The germ layer that develops into the skin, nervous system, and sense organs.

Mesoderm

The germ layer that develops into the musculoskeletal, circulatory, and genitourinary systems.

Endoderm

The germ layer that develops into the respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract.

Lanugo

Downy hair that covers a term newborn’s body.

Multigravida

A woman who has been pregnant two or more times.

Primigravida

A woman who is pregnant for the first time.

Meconium

A collection of sticky cellular wastes produced by the fetus.

Brown Fat

A special fat that aids in temperature regulation for the newborn.

Lung Surfactant

A mixture of lipids and proteins that lowers surface tension in the alveoli.

Moro Reflex

An infantile reflex that involves spreading out the arms in response to a sudden loss of support.

Vernix Caseosa

A white substance that protects the skin of the fetus and serves as a lubricant in utero.

Ductus Venosus

A vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the fetal liver.

Ductus Arteriosus

A vessel that allows blood to bypass the fetal lungs and closes during neonatal respiration.

Foramen Ovale

A temporary opening connecting the left and right atrium of the fetal heart, which closes at birth.

Adaptation to Extra-Uterine Life

The physiological changes that occur in a newborn after birth, including the establishment of pulmonary respiration.