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Edward T. Hall
The one who said “One of the most effective ways to learn about oneself is by taking seriously the cultures of others. It forces you to pay attention to those details of life to which differentiate them for you”
Confucianism
can be seen as a code of ethical conduct of how one should properly act according to their relationship with other people. it is focused on having a harmonious social life. Therefore, the identity and self-concept of the individual are interwoven with the identity and status of his or her community and culture, sharing its pride as well as its failures.
Self-cultivation
the ultimate purpose of life but the characteristic of a chun-tzu is still embedded in his social relationships
a man of virtue or noble character
What does chun-tzu mean?
Subdued self
The cultivated self in Confucianism is what some scholars call a ______ wherein personal needs are repressed (subdued) for the good of many, making Confucian society also hierarchical for the purpose of maintaining order and balance in society
hierarchical
What kind of Society is the Confucian Society for the purpose of maintaining order and balance in society?
551 BC
The year Confucius was born
Minister of Crime
The role that Confucius served as during his government service
Duke Ding
Who is the ruler who Confucius served?
Analects or Lunyu
A collection of sayings of Confucius written down by his followers
Taoism
This is living in the way of the Tao or the universe
TRUE
Taoism rejects having one definition of what the Tao is, and one can only state clues of what it is as they adopt a free-flowing, relative, unitary, as well as paradoxical view of almost everything
TRUE
Taoism rejects the hierarchy and strictness brought by Confucianism and would prefer a simple lifestyle and its teachings thus aim to describe how to attain that life
The Self
This is not just an extension of the family or the community; it is part of the universe, one of the forms and manifestations of the Tao
Selflessness
the ideal self is ______ but this is not forgetting about the self, it is living a balanced life with society and nature, being open and accepting to change, forgetting about prejudices and egocentric ideas, and thinking about equality as well as complementarity among humans and other beings
Record Keeper
The role of Lao Tzu in the court during the central Chinese Zhou Dynasty
TRUE
Lao Tzu may not exist and may even be merely mythical
Water Bufallo
What did Lao Tzu ride to the western border of the Chinese Empire
Tao Te Ching
Sacred Text of Taoism which is the wisdom of Lao Tzu
Daoism
Lao Tzu was the leading figure in the spiritual practice known as ______
Dao
The “way” of the world which is also the path to virtue, happiness, and harmony
Wu Wei
Flowing or Effortless Action
Buddhism
The self is seen as an illusion, born out of ignorance, of trying to hold and control things, or human-centered needs
TRUE
the self is also the source of all these sufferings in Buddhism
Nirvana or perfect happiness
In Buddhism, our quest to forget about the self, forget the cravings of the self, break the attachments you have with the world, and to renounce the self which is the cause of all suffering and in doing so, attain the state of ______________
Siddhartha Gautama
The Buddha
Vedanta
The Hindu concept of the self is expanded in _________, a major school of Indian thought based on Upanishads, the classical Indian philosophical treatises
Brahman
absolute reality and Atman (soul or spirit)
TRUE
the true knowledge of self, is identical to Brahman
True self and non-true self
Vedanta characterizes human suffering as the result of failure to realize the distinction between _______ (permanent and unchanging) and the _______ (impermanent and changes continually).
Know the true reality (Brahman)
what is the goal of a person in Hinduism
Self-realization
being united to all-embracing Bahman
law of karma
most important doctrine of Hinduism
Collectivism
The self or the individual is not the focus of the abovementioned Eastern philosophies or beliefs
Analytic
Western perspective does not discount the role of the environment and society in the formation of the self but the focus is always looking toward the self. You compare yourself in order to be better; you create associations and bask in the glory of the group for your self-esteem; you put primacy in developing yourself.
Monotheism
One can also describe that the Western thought looks at the world in dualities wherein you are distinct from the other person, the creator is separate from the object created, in which the self is distinguished and acknowledged
Evaluation of the self also differs as Americans would highlight their personal achievements while Asians would rather keep a low-profile as promoting the self can be seen as boastfulness that disrupts social relationships.
Individualism
By valuing the individual, Westerners may seem to have loose associations or even loyalty to their groups. Competition is the name of the game and they are more likely straightforward and forceful in their communication as well as decision-making.
Westerners also emphasize more on the value of equality even if they see that the individual can rise above everything else
