C109 Possible Multiple Choice Questions

Code of the Streets

-Set of informal rules governing street behavior and response to person insult

-A youth’s expressed street code attitudes significantly predicted violence

-Necessity for respect and survival in the most disadvantaged, distressed, and impoverished minority communities (most prevalent in those communities)

McCarthy’s Four R

-Reduce

-Reform

-Replace

-Reinvest

Are juvenile arrests going up or down, staying the same?

-Youth arrests have been on the decline

• violent and property crime continue to decline and remain at historic lows

-Arrests for murder have increased 21%

DMC

-Disproportionate Minority Contact

-Is a term used to describe situations where racial and ethnic minorities are overrepresented in the criminal justice system compared to their proportion in the general population

-Refers to rates of contact with the JJS among juveniles of a specific minority group that are significantly different from rates of contact for white juveniles

-Refers to the overrepresentation of youth of color at every stage of the juvenile justice process, especially in areas like arrest, detention, and incarceration

Trends Regarding Confinement of Young People Over Time

-Probation has become the most common outcome in juvenile delinquency cases

-Showcases the trend that the courts are more focused on rehabilitation efforts rather than sending juveniles to detention facilities

-There has been a movement away from punitive measures and secure confinement in favor of more individualized and therapeutic approaches

-Trends over time in juvenile justice have seen shifts in approaches, with an increase emphasis on rehabilitation, diversion, and community-based interventions

-We are confining less people

Accountability and Fairness

-Accountability practices in juvenile justice should be designed to promote healthy social learning, moral development, and legal socialization during adolescence

-Procedures for holding adolescents accountable for their offending can promote positive legal socialization, reinforce a prosocial identity, facilitate compliance with the law, promote social learning, and moral development

-Accountability is not based on criminal punishment (except in rare cases)

-Youth should be held accountable for delinquent acts AND be treated fairly

Kalief, Solitary Confinement, Rikers (Caught)

-Arrested for allegedly stealing a backpack in New York at age 17

-Mother had substance use problems, placed up for adoption

-Kept in prison for 3 years without trial, sent to solitary confinement for 800 days after facing abuse from both staff and other inmates; was kept with adults

-Severe mental health effects from solitary confinement

-Committed suicide 2 years after release

Treatment of Girls and How the System Might View Them Differently

-View of girls as dramatic, manipulative, liars, crime is “unladylike” therefore punished more severely

-Looks down upon girls and their families (prostitution/sexual promiscuity, substance use, running away from abuse) and blame

-View of families as trashy/slutty, stereotypes

-Probation officers and other court officials will continue to rely on stereotypical images of “proper girl behavior” and psychological assessments of their conduct while discounting the power that oppressive structures and institutions hold over people

-Juvenile justice personnel often rely on gender stereotypes when making decisions about girls, leading to biased treatment

-The disconnect between girls’ lives and treatment programs

• little to no training for staff working with girls

• reinforcement of gender stereotypes in programs often lack holistic approach

CRIPA

-Stands for Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act of 1980

-It addressed systemic practices as well as specific conditions of confinement

-The DOJ is authorized to investigate conditions in facilities to determine whether there are ongoing violations of individuals’ civil rights

-The DOJ can file civil lawsuits against the responsible state or local authorities to address and remedy identified violations

-CRIPA is one of several federal laws intended to safeguard the rights of individuals in institutional settings

-Investigates when there is a failure to provide required services (education, mental health, health)

-A total of 16 remedial measures were proposed to address the lack of health, dental, mental health, suicide prevention, and education services; harsh disciplinary practices; poor access to recreation and visitation; and lack of training and supervision of staff

Brunson & Weitzer Article

-Social disorganization serves as the main context of police-community interactions with youth

Themes:

-1) Unwarranted stops and physically intrusive searches

-2) Verbal abuse, discourteous, racial slurs, and name-calling

-3) Physical abuse

-4) Corruption

-5) Racially biased policing

-6) Police accountability

• police are hardly held accountable for their discriminatory, abusive actions

What we know about Latino Youth as a Racial/Ethnic Group When it Comes to the JJS

-High perception of dysfunction yet lower crime rates

-Ethnicity often not counted, so numbers are unclear for many Latinos and many Latinos are counted as White or Black

-Overrepresented 2 times that of Whites

-Data gaps: Latino youth represent the largest adolescent group but are not identified correctly (can be seen as white or Black) and remain invisible in most CJS data

-Leads to policymakers underestimating the challenges they face

-Also leads to underfunding and lack of resources, disproportionate consequences, missed opportunities for prevention & intervention, inaccurate assessment of the problem, disparity in outcomes, and failure to address the needs of Latino families and communities

Comprehensive Strategy Framework: Who should get the most stringent sanctions according to this comprehensive framework

-Community primary prevention programs oriented toward reducing risk and enhancing strengths for all youth

-Focused secondary prevention programs for youth in the community at greatest risk but not involved with the juvenile justice system or perhaps diverted from the juvenile justice system

-Intervention programs tailored to identified risk and need factors, if appropriate, for first-time minor delinquent offenders provided under minimal sanctions, such as diversion or administrative probation

-Intervention programs tailored to identified risk and need factors for nonserious repeat offenders and moderately serious first-time offenders provided under intermediate sanctions, such as regular probation

-Intensive intervention programs tailored to identified risk and need factors for first-time serious or violent offenders provided under stringent sanctions, such as intensive probation supervision supervision or residential facilities

-Multicomponent intensive intervention programs in secure correctional facilities for the most serious, violent, and chronic offenders. Post release supervision and transitional aftercare programs for offenders released from residential and correctional facilities

Four Core Requirements of JJDPA (Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act)

-Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders (DSO)

-Removal from adult jail and lockup (jail removal)

-Sight and sound separation (separation)

-Disproportionate minority contact (DMC)

From out guest speakers, there was one question about what they wished we know about their work that might be informative and something they wished they could change and they each gave a response. Know these.

-Accountability

-Common Sense

-Consistency and Coordination