Neurocranium, cranium, sinuses and teeth

What are the bones that make up the neurocranium?

Frontal bone

Parietal bones

Temporal bones

Occipital bone

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

What is the neurocranium?

Bony casing of the brain

What are the flat bones of the neurocranium?

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

What are the irregular bones of the neurocranium?

Temporal

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

What are the anatomical landmarks of the temporal bones?

Zygomatic process

Articular tubercule

External acoustic opening

Styloid process

Mastoid process

Mandibular fossa

What are the three pairs of auditory ossicles?

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

What are the two landmarks of the occipital bone?

External occipital protuberance

Occipital condyles

What are the four main foramen and where are they found?

Internal acoustic meatus in the temporal

Jugular foramen between the temporal and occipital

Hypoglossal canal in the occipital

Foramen magnum

What are the two landmarks of the sphenoid bone?

Optic canal

Hypophysial fossa

What are sutures?

Immoveable fibrous joints

What are fontanelle?

Soft spots between skull bones where bone formation is incomplete

What is the order of fontanelle closing?

Posterior at 2 months

Anterior at 7 to 18 months

What are paranasal sinuses?

Air filled spaces

What are the four paranasal sinuses?

Frontal

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Maxillary

What is the structure of paranasal sinuses?

Lined with ciliated epithelium and mucus secreting goblet cells

What are the four functions of the paranasal sinuses?

Lightening head

Supporting immunity

Humidifying

Increasing voice resonance

What are the bones of the cranium?

Inferior nasal conchae

Nasal bone

Maxillae

Palatine

Lacrimal

Zygomatic

Mandible

Vomer

What are the two unpaired bones of the viscerocranium?

Mandible

Vomer

What is the viscerocranium?

Facial bones

What are the four functions of the viscerocranium?

Shaping the face

Protection

Muscle attachment

Neurovascular passageway

What are the landmarks of the maxillae?

Intermaxillary suture

Zygomatic process

Frontal process

Alveolar process

Palatine process

Infraorbital foramen

Incisive foramen

What is the primary function of the maxillae?

Support and secure upper teeth

What are the landmarks of the zygomatic bone?

Frontal process

Maxillary process

Temporal process

What are the two primary functions of the zygomatic bones?

Protects eyes from direct blows

Provides attachment for masticatory muscles

What are the three primary functions of the lacrimal bones?

Provides support for lacrimal apparatus

Provides attachment for orbicularis oculi muscles

Tear secretion and drainage

What are the two primary functions of the inferior nasal conchae?

Directs airflow

Humidifies, heats and filters air

What are the three primary functions of the palatine bones?

Hard palate of oral cavity

Lateral wall of nasal cavity

Small portion of orbital floor

What are the three primary functions of the nasal bones?

Shape nose bridge

Contribute to nasal aperture

Protect nasal cavity

What is the only mobile bone in the head?

Mandible

What are the three functions of the mandible?

Shape the face

Support lower teeth

Ability to speak and chew

What is the primary function of the vomer?

Bony portion of the septum

What are the three articulations of the temperomandibular joints?

Mandibular fossa

Articular tubercule

Head of mandible

What are the four components of the temperomandibular joints?

Articular disk

Synovial cavities

Synovial membrane

Fibrocartilage

What are the five functions of the TMJ?

Protrusion

Retraction

Elevation

Depression

Lateral movements

What are the four muscles of mastication?

Masseter

Temporalis

Medial pterygoid

Lateral pterygoid

What are the two parts of the tooth structure?

Crown and root

What are the four dental tissue?

Enamel

Dentine

Dental pulp

Cementum

What are the four types of teeth?

Incisors

Canines

Premolars

Molars

What is the main difference between primary and permanent dentition?

Prescence of 2 pre molars and a wisdom tooth

20 teeth vs 32 teeth

What are the three main dental functions?

Mastification (chewing)

Speech

Shaping the face

What is the main function of incisors?

Incising food with straight edges

What is the main function of canines?

Piercing and holding food

What is the main function of premolars?

Incising and piercing food

What is the main function of molars?

Crushing and chewing food