AP BIO - UNIT 1 Organic Compunds

What are the four organic compounds?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

Organic Compound

A compound that contains carbon

Inorganic Compound

A compound that does not contain carbon

Carbohydrates : What are they, how can you identify them?

Carbohydrates are Sugars. They are in a 1:2:1 Ratio, and usually have the suffix “ose”

Monosaccharides

1 unit of sugar

Disaccharides

2 units of sugar

Polysaccharides

3 or more units of sugar

Examples of monosaccharides

•  glucose

• fructose

• galactose (found in milk)

Examples of disaccharides

• lactose

• sucrose

Examples of Polysaccharides

• cellulose

• amylose (starch)

• glycogen

• amylopectin

Functional Group

a group of atoms that can undergo a reaction

Name the 5 Functional Groups

• Hydroxyl

• Carbonyl

• Amine

• Carboxyl

• Phosphate

Hydroxyl

Carbonyl

Amine

Carboxyl

Phosphate

How do I join molecules and make a bigger molecule?

remove a water molecule

Condensation Reaction (What happens to the water that is removed when making a bigger molecule?)

It gets added to the water around it. When joining molecules to make them bigger, reactions like these usually happen in water solution.

Dehydration Synthesis

making large molecules by removing water.

Synthesize

making something BIG

Hydrolysis

Breaking large molecules into smaller molecules by adding water

Two Types of Polysaccharides

• Storage Polysaccharides

• Structural Polysaccharides

Storage Polysaccharides have the function of …(list examples & the type of glucose)

storing sugar for energy!

• starch

• glycogen

These are called “alpha glucose”

Structural Polysaccharides have the function of… (list examples and the type of glucose)

providing support to cells and tissues

• cellulose

• chitlin

these are called “beta glucose”

Alpha glucose is the flipped version of beta glucose (repeat it!)

Alpha glucose is the flipped version of beta glucose.

Red Blood Cells (function)

They carry oxygen throughout the body and create hemoglobin.

Name the 6 groups of Protein

• transport proteins

• hormones

• enzymes

• structural proteins

• pigments

• defense proteins

Name ONE type of transport protein.

hemoglobin

Hormones (function)

Hormones are chemical messengers

They send signals.

Hormones could be proteins but they don’t have to.

Name one type of hormone that relates to diabetes

Insulin

Enzymes (function)

They held with speeding up chemical reactions.

EVERY enzyme is  a protein.

Structural Protein (examples)

• keratin (hair and nails)

• collagen (skin)

Pigments (example)

melanin

Defense Proteins (example)

antibodies

Proteins are (size)

BIG

Amino Acid

the building block of a protein.

How many types of amino acids are there?

20

Name this Structure.

Amino Acid

What is the “R” called?

Side Chain / Variable Group

Peptide Bond

linking amino acids

What are monomers?

Repeating Subunits

Name 2 examples of monomers

• amino acids

• monosaccharides

Polymers

large molecules made from monomers

Dipeptide

2 amino acids joined

Polypeptide

3 or more amino acids joined.

A polypeptide is also a

protein ( which is also a ….)

H2O + H2O →

H3O^+    +    OH^—

H30+ and OH— are…

ions

(hydronium and hydroxide ions)

This process is called the “ionization of water”

The PH measures the number of H+ ions (name the 2 sides on the scale)

acid and base

Base

an H+ acceptor. These are compounds that have the tendency to pick up H+.

All amine groups have that tendency

If H+ are picked up, the PH goes up.

Acid

Acids are H+ donors. These are compounds that have the tendency to give up H+.

If H+ are removed, the PH goes down. 

How can you identify non polar hydrophobic amino acids?

They include hydrocarbons!

Lipids

All Lipids are Nonpolar

They are not polymers.

Name the 4 types of lipids

• fat/oil

• phospholipids

• steroids

• waxes

How do you construct a fat?

You need

• glycerol

• 3 fatty acids.

also Called a triglyceride

Name this structure

Fatty Acid

Name this structure

Glycerol

Diglyceride

glycerol and 2 fatty acids

monoglyceride

glycerol and 1 fatty acid

are monoglycerides and diglycerides fats?

NO. but if you join them together they will become a triglyceride which IS a fat.

what are 2 types of fatty acids?

Saturated and Unsaturated

Saturated

fatty acid has only single bonds

Unsaturated

fatty acid contains at least one double bond (creates a kink/bend)

A saturated fat is WHAT at room temp?

Solid

An unsaturated fat is WHAT at room temp?

liquid

Phospholipid contains…

glycerol, one saturated fat and one unsaturated fat.

What are the 2 parts of a phospholipid?

• phosphate (hydrophilic)

• fatty acids (hydrophobic)

A phospholipid is an amphipathic. (what is that?)

a molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.

If phospholipids are submerged in water, they will create a bilayer in the shape of a sphere repeat it!

If phospholipids are submerged in water, they will create a bilayer in the shape of a sphere .

The cell membrane is made of a

phospholipid  bilayer

With cholesterol, the body produces

Progesterone, testosterone and other sex hormones. We also need cholesterol for membranes.

Nucleic Acid

nucelotides

DNA/RNA

what are nucleotides?

the building block of DNA/RNA

Name an example of polymers

DNA/RNA

name 4 nitrogenous bases

• adenine

• thymine

• guanine

• cytosine

Whats the element that identifies a protein?

Sulfur

What’s the element that identifies a nucleic acid?

Phosphorus

Primary Structure (What does it look like?)

linking amino acids because of dehydration synthesis

Secondary Structure (Alpha Helix and Beta Sheet)

hydrogen bonding starts to form when there’s a secondary structure

Hydrogen Bonds are MANDATORY in order to make secondary structure. (repeat it)

Hydrogen Bonds are MANDATORY in order to make secondary structure.

Tertiary Structure

The side chains of the amino acids start to interact which is called….

TYPES OF INTERACTIONS

• hydrogen bonding

• hydrophobic interactions

• Disulfide bridge

• ionic bond

Hydrogen Bonding

(Polar - Polar)

hydrophobic interactions

nonpolar - nonpolar

disulfide bridge

(when two sulfurs meet)

Ionic bond

a positive charge and an electric bond meet.

Quaternary Structure

many proteins and linking and interacting together to form one big final protein.