Period 3 APUSH

Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)

War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763

George Washington

Governor of Virginia sent a small militia under his control when the French started to build a chain of forts by the Ohio River valley in 1754

Albany Plan of Union 1754

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown.

Peace of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War

Terms:

Britain gained all of French Canada & all territory south of Canada & east of the Mississippi River.

France & Spain lost their West Indian colonies.

Britain gained Spanish Florida.

Spain gained French territory west of the Mississippi, including control of the port city of New Orleans.

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Patrick Henry

Stood up in House of Burgesses to demand that the king's government recognize the rights of all citizens including the right not to be taxed without representation. Radical at First Continental Congress

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Secret society who intimidated tax agents; tarred and feathered some tax collectors

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; wrote the Massachusetts Circular Letter with James Otis. Radical at First Continental Congress

Massachusetts Circular Letter

Letter which urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. British officials ordered it retracted and threatened to do away with the Massachusetts legislative government and increase the number of troops in Boston. Written by James Otis and Samuel Adams

Committees of Correspondance

a central committee where colonists would exchange ideas and information with other colonies about suspicious British activities. Organized by Samuel Adams

Intolerable Acts

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party: Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quebec Act

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

Sugar Act

law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies and other luxury goods

Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

writ of assistance

court document allowing customs officers to enter any location to search for smuggled goods

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

"Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law.

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense, colonies should become independent from Britain

First Continental Congress

Delegates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence

John Adams

Radical at First Continental Congress, Federalist candidate and was 2nd president of US

John Dickinson

Moderate at First Continental Congress

John Jay

Conservative at First Continental Congress

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Concord

General Thomas Gage sent a large force to seize colonial military supplies from Concord

Lexington

On April 18, 1775 British soldiers in Boston marched to this town to seize colonial military supplies. This is where the first shot of the Revolutionary War was fired.

Bunker Hill

(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Yorktown

1781; last battle of the revolution; Benedict Arnold, Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrendered

Treaty of Paris (1783)

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. Could not be enforced because of weak central government.

Loyalists/Tories

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Minutemen

Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutrition, Steuben comes and trains troops

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Daughters of Liberty

An organization formed by women prior to the American Revolution They got together to protest treatment of the colonies by their British Rulers

Land Ordinance of 1785

Congress established a policy for surveying and selling the western lands. The policy provided for setting aside one section of land in each 36 square-mile township for public education.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Congress passed an ordinance that set the rules for creating new states. Granted limited self-government to the developing territory and prohibited slavery in the region.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting high state taxes. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States. Persuaded need for new constitution, also mainly wrote the Bill of Rights

Alexander Hamilton

United States statesman and leader of the Federalists and helped revise Articles

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed the Constitution

The Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States and revise the Articles.

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments but both are strong governments.

seperation of powers

dividing the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Congress

the bicameral legislature of the United States government with elected representatives

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress and favored smaller states

Connecticut Plan/Great Compromise

Plan which provided for a two house Congress; the Senate with two representatives per state and the House of Representatives with representatives based on population

House of Representatives

the lower house of Congress, consisting of a different number of representatives from each state, depending on population

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

Commercial Compromise

Allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists to some degree.

Electoral College System

delegates assign to each state a number of electors equal to the total of that state's representatives and senators; instituted because the delegates at Philadelphia feared that too much democracy might lead to mob rule

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, created to protect individual righst from central government

National Bank

Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way.

Supreme Court

the highest federal court in the United States, only court mentioned in constitution

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Federalist era

1790s were dominated by two Federalist figures around which political parties formed: Hamilton and Jefferson; Hamilton's federalists supported his financial programs (loose interpretation of Constitution but strong central government)

Federalist Party

A political party created in the 1790s and influenced by Alexander Hamilton that wanted to strengthen the federal government and promote industry and trade.

Democratic-Republican Party

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Two-term tradition

In 1796, George Washington decided to step down after two terms (four years per term) as president. This set the precedent, until Franklin Delano Roosevelt won four elections. In 1951, the 22nd amendment made two-term limit part of the Constitution.

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Alien and Sedition Acts

acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

Jay Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Pinckney Treaty (1795)

Treaty negotiated by Thomas Pinckney, US minister to Spain, in which Spain agreed to open the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade. Spain also accepted that Florida's northern boundary should be at the 31st parallel instead of north of that line (1795)

XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Indian Intercourse Act

Placed the federal government in full control of all altercations involving Native Americans. They would purchase their land, negotiate trade and travel over Indian lands, and so on. This was mainly ignored by traders and settlers migrating westward.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

Cotton Gin

a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber, caused agriculture of South to change which resulted in a higher demand for slavery