Final Exam Review

What deos the backbone of DNA molecule consist of ?

Sugar and alternating phosphate

Where deos RNA exit from

from nucleic pores

True or false

Chromosome is large

True

What deos DNA molecule contain?

contains genetic material and contains a complete set of instructions for making new individual species

Ribosome is resposible for which process?

Trancription- Translation

DNA- RNA-Protien

Trancription- Translation

What is mRNA used for?

mRNA is used as a template for protien synthesis

What do splicesomes do?

splicesomes remove introns and stitches exons together

step 5 is?

Post-transcription modification (RNA editing)

Toposisomerase is in charge of?

Editing and removing

The part of a gene which is downstreamed after the stop codon is not turned into a protien and is charcterized by the terminaator and poly Atail

3 untranslated region

When deos RNA polymerase stop working?

at the terminator

introns edit RNA transcript then?

become messenger RNA

rRNA joins protiens to form ?

protien sythesis machine

whats the abbrevation for methione( the start)

AUG

How many start and stop codons is there?

1 start 3 stop

What deos replication do?

doubles the amount of DNA in a cell

As the DNA replicates the lagging strand takes longer to build as the original DNA

5’- 3’

Whats the DNA polymerase?

DNA polymerase is the enzyme that is used to synthesize the leading strand

Whats the purpose of helicase?

it seperates the two complementary strands of DNA during DNA replication

In what phase deos DNA replication occur?

S phase

What are the stages of Mitosis

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Chemotherapy drugs that destroy dividing cells would least affect…?

GO phase (resting)

What phase deos Karyotyping occur in?

Occurs in M phase (mitosis(splitting))

where deos tristomy take place?

in metaphase

During metaphase, microtubules extens from centrosomes making it unique to the …?

centromere

For each cell that enters meiosis how many daughter cells are produced?

4 daughter cells

Permanant alterartions make up epigenotype why?

Becuase the DNA that is present at conception may undergo allterations in th eutero/ after birth making the the epigenotype

ww ww are what ?

phenotype

whats the name for the percise sequence of 3 billin DNA bases?

genotype

Normal wings vs wrinkled wings?

phenotype

If tissues is made of a group of cells, a group of tissue makes up what ?

organs

Where is nervous tissue found

found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

What is the function on nervous tissue?

feels sensation, process info, and controls body parts

what is the study for tissues?

Histology

Whats the function of muscular tissue?

muscular tissue facilitates movement of body parts and substances within the body

Which cells are flat and resemble fish scales?

squamos

which cells are as wide as they are tall?

cubiodal

What has apical cells and give it is descriptive name?

Epithiliuim is stratisfied

Where are blood vessels found in?

connective tissue

Which can be ciliated/ not ciliated and forms the lining of the gastrointestinal tract and uterine tubes?

Simple columnar

Which is epithelium line the excretory ducts with a multi-layered epithelium, taller than they are wide?

stratisifed columnar

Which type of epithelium forms the urinary bladder and portion of the ureters and uterine and urethra?

Transitional

Microvili, cilia, and goblet cells are typical modifications of?

Columnar epethiulm

Secretions and Absorption are important functions for?

simple cubiodal epithuilium

Which glands release its substance into the interstitial fluid, followed by blood stream?

Endocrine

whats the primary function of gradular epithelium?

secretion

which type of secretions pinches off portion of cells in secretion?

Apocrine secretion

Where is elastin found?

In the aorta

What do neurons do?

transmit info

which is stratisfied and involuntary?

cardiac

which has intercalated discs?

cardiac

What is the deepest layer?

visceral

In serous membrane…?

mesothelial cells secrete serous fluid

Osteocytes are the ?

Cellular portion

Where are Schwan cells found in ?

In the nervous system

What do Mast cells do?

they play a big role in inflamation

What are features of muscle cells?

their excitable, and found in connective tissue

What do bone and cartilage do in the body?

Support it

What are features of collagen?

forms the bulk of most connective tissue its a triple helix, which provides strength

What do plasma cells do?

create antibodies

What does adipose tissue do?

it releases heat when its broken down providing energy for cells

what are reticular tissue features?

make up reticular tissue and fibers

What is loose connective tissue classified as?

connective tissue proper

What does dense regular connective tissue form?

tendons, ligaments, and aponuerons

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

surrounds heart tissue, fibroblasts, and collagen fibers

dense regular?

lack blood supply so its slow healing

What is a mineral base?

collagen

What is considered connective tissue?

blood and lymph because they contain cells and have extracellular matrix

What are formed elements of blood?

red blood cells, leukocytes, and platelets

features of gap junctions?

pore-like structures ion to pass

tight junctions features?

forms leak-proof seal between two+cells

What does integrin do?

integrin is a protein that connects hemidesosomes

digestive enzymes

tight junctions

epithelium membranes consist of..?

consist of epithelium plus underlying areolar connective tissue

what does the mucous lining line?

interface between body cavities and outside

Keratin, lipids, and sebum help provides what?

a permeable barrier

What does the dermis contain?

contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands

free and encapsulated nerve endings serve as what ?

sensory perception

stratifies squamous epithelium, along with keratin/ and melatonin provides which function?

crucial protection for the body, acting as a strong barrier against abrasion, water loss (dehydration), microbes, and harmful UV radiation, forming the tough outer layer (epidermis) of the skin and lining moist areas like the mouth. 

What do Langerhans cells do?

serve for immunological defense

Which layer is associated with integumentary

loose connective with fats

The epidermal layer of thick skin immediately deep to the stratum corneum is..?

stratisfied lucidum

what water proofes the epidermis ?

keratin and lamuellar

where are hair follicles present?

in thin skin

a sensory cell in the epidermis is what?

merkel cell

merkel discs perform what?

sensory function

What are the layers deep to superficial?

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granularosome, stratum lucidium, stratum corneum

The epidermal layer immediately deep to stratum spinosum is ?

stratum basale

cells in epidermal layer that destroy microbes are ?

langerhan cells

what do melanocytes do?

give its color

carotene is the precursor to ?

vitamin A

Pheomelan ? eumelanin?

yellow- red, brown-black

Melanosomes transfer what?

keratincytes

collagen and easltin fibers provide?

strength

papillary region is superficial to ?

reticular layer

goosbumps result from what ?

arrector pili muscle

primary cells in subcutaneous layer are?

adipose

subcutaneos layer attaches superficial to

muscle

what deos the subcutaneous layer do?

it insolates