Hist 125 - Ch. 10 Vocab

Chapter 10 quiz study guide

Agricultural revolution(s)

innovations such as irrigation, crop rotation, new grain and grass crops, cultivating new frontier lands, and trading the surpluses led to a growth in global trade

Needle Compass

a navigational instrument invented by the Chinese that helped guide sailors on the high seas after 1000 CE; allowed sailing under cloudy skies and improved mapmaking

Flying Cash

letters of exchange - early predecessors of paper money - first developed by guilds in the northern Song province Shanxi that eclipsed coins by the thirteenth century; helped fuel the economic boom of the Song dynasty and linked northern traders with their colleagues in the south

Mansa Musa (1312-1332)

Mali’s most famous king, made a pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) taking thousands of people and displaying his enormous wealth; brought so much gold that it is thought he destabilized the Mediterranean economy

Great Zimbabwe

city that was a center of the gold trade between East African coastal peoples and traders sailing along the Indian Ocean; flourished during the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries

Averroes [Ibn Rashd]

believed that faith and reason were compatible, he even influenced the thinking of the Christian philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas; indicative of the enduring prominence of the Islamic faith and the Arabic language

Sufism

popular, highly mystical, and communal form of Islam; seeking closer union with God, Sufis performed ecstatic rituals and had a seeming lack of theological rigor, so many ulama (scholars) disliked them; however, the movement spread very quickly and offered a unifying force within Islam

Sunni vs. Shia Islam

Shia believed a leader should be only a direct descendent of the Prophet Muhammed, whereas Sunni believed the most capable candidate should be leader

Jizya

a special tax that non-Muslims had to pay underneath Muslim rulers; non-Muslims also had to defer to the Muslim rulers’ political decisions

Delhi Sultanate

(1206-1526) a Turkish Muslim regime in northern India that, through its tolerance for cultural diversity, brought political integration without enforcing cultural homogeneity

Song China

(960-1279); read all of page 451 in the textbook

Heian Japan

period from 794 to 1185 CE during which the pattern of regents ruling Japan in the name of the sacred emperor began; capital city was modeled after Chinese capital city of Chang’an

The Tale of the Genji

Japanese work written in the early eleventh century by Lady Murasaki that gives vivid accounts of Heian court life; Japan’s first novel

Angkor Wat

magnificent temple complex that crowned the royal palace of the Khmer Empire in Angkor, adorned with statues representing the Hindu pantheon of gods

Feudalism

system instituted in medieval Europe after the collapse of the Carolingian Empire whereby each peasant was under the authority of a lord

Manorialism

system in which the manor (lord’s home, associated industry, and surrounding fields) served as the basic unit of economic power; and alternative to the concept of feudalism for thinking about the nature of power in western Europe

Crusades

wave of attacks launched in the late eleventh century by Western European Christians against the Muslims; first Crusade began in 1095, when Pope Urban II appealed to the warrior nobility of France to free Jerusalem from Muslim rule; 4 subsequent Crusades were fought over the next two centuries

Chimu Empire

South America’s first empire, centered at Chan Chan, in the Moche Valley on the Pacific coast from 1000 through 1470 CE, whose development was fueled by agriculture and commercial exchange

Cahokia

commercial city on the Mississippi for regional and long distance trade of commodities such as salt, shells, and skins and of manufactured foods such as pottery, textiles, and jewelry; marked by massive artificial hills, akin to earthen pyramids, used to honor spiritual forces

Mongols

combination of nomadic forest and steppe peoples who lived by hunting and livestock herding and were expert horsemen; Beginning in 1206, the Mongols launched a series of conquests that brought far-flung parts of the world together under their rule; by incorporating conquered peoples and adapting some of their customs, the Mongols created a unified empire that stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the shores of the eastern Mediterranean and the southern steppes of Eurasia

Chinggis [Genghis] Khan

founder of the Mongol empire and Khan of the Mongols in 1206; he attacked China, Afghanistan, and Persia; rewarded military talent and merit, not birth or wealth

Four major cultural spheres (at this time)

Islamic world, India, China, and Europe

Major trade cities

Alexandria and Cairo (Egypt), Quilon (India), Melaka (Malaysia), Quanzhou (China)

Which of the four cultural spheres was the wealthiest?

China because of its huge population, strong agrarian base, and manufacturing innovations

Which of the four major cultural spheres was the most unified?

China because of its common language and Confucian civil service system, which enabled a transfer of power from hereditary aristocrats to Confucian scholars