A&P 102 - Reproductive System

The ________ is a pouch of skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue that contains the testes

Scrotum

Indicate the three male accessory glands.

Prostate.

Bulbourethral gland.

Seminal Vesicle.

The process of ____________ involves the rupture of the mature follicle and the release of a secondary oocyte and first polar body.

ovulation.

The genetic material of the sperm is located in what region of a sperm cell?

head

Indicate the correct order of the uterine wall layers from the innermost o the outermost.

1. endometrium.

2. myometrium

3. perimetrium

Indicate the characteristics of the ductus deferentia (vas deferens).

1. It originates at the lower end of the epididymis.

2. It is part of the spermatic cord.

3. Near its end it dilates into the ampulla.

Which of the following hormones induces the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

Testosterone.

The male reproductive structures function to produce ___________ cells and introduce them into the vagina.

sperm

Puberty is marked by the increased production of _______ in males.

androgens (male sex hormones)

List three female accessory sex organs.

1. Vagina

2. Uterus

3. Uterine tubules

The lower one-third, or neck, of the uterus is called the __________.

cervix

The tube that allows receipt of the penis and semen, and birth of a baby is the ___________.

vagina

Organize the sequence of structures through which sperm will travel after leaving the seminiferous tubules.

rete testis

epididymis

ductus deferens

ejaculatory duct

urethra

List three products of the female reproductive system.

Oocytes, progesterone, estrogen

The fluid expelled during male orgasm is called

semen

After an oocyte has been ovulated, the remnants of the follicle form a structure called the corpus ___________.

luteum

What is the main component found within the midpiece of a sperm cell?

mitochondria

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

1. Ovaries - primary female reproductive organs

2. testes - primary male reproductive organs

3. spermatozoa - male gamets, or sex cells

4. eggs - femal gamets, or sex cells.

List three effects of testosterone

1. Spermatogenesis

2. Bodily chnages at puberty

3. Development of male anatomy in the fetus and adolescent.

Spermatogenesis, or the creation of _____________ cells, occurs in the seminiferous tubules.

sperm

Where are the seminiferous tubules located?

within the testes.

Undifferentiated diploid spermatogenic cells are called ______________.

spermatogonia

Identify three functions of the organs of the female reproductive system:

1. produce female sex hormones.

2. produce and maintain female sex cells.

3. facilitate the development of the offspring.

The acrosome is a covering over what region of a sperm cell?

head.

What is the name of the process that results in the formation of the female gametes by meiosis?

oogenesis

In males, what gland is located inferior to the urinary bladder, surrounding the superior portion of the urethra?

prostate gland

The inner mucosal layer of the uterus is called the _________.

endometrium

The opening which allows the exit of urine is called the ___________.

urethral orifice.

The loose fold of skin at the distal end of the penis that extends to cover the glans penis is called the:

prepuce

The ___________ is the muscular organ that opens into the vagina and functions to harbor the fetus during pregnancy.

uterus

Match the component of seminal fluid with its function:

1. Alkaline fluid: neutralize the acidic urethra

2. Fructose: provide energy to the sperm

3. Prostaglandins: facilitate movement of sperm in the female reproductive tract.

What are the long passageways between the ovaries and the uterus called?

uterine tubes

Place in the correct order the sequence of events and the products of the ovarian cycle:

1. primordial follicle

2. primary follicle

3. pre-antral follicle

4. mature antral follicle

5. ovulation

6. corpus luteum

What occurs during ejaculation?

release of semen to the outside of the penis.

the penis serves to deposit ____________ in the vagina.

semen

The structures within the breasts of pregnant and lactating women are the _______ glands.

mammary

Each month, ovarian follicles development under the influence of which hormone?

follicle stimulating hormone

The organs called ________________ produce and secrete oocytes and female sex hormones.

ovaries

During oogenesis, the primary oocyte divides, forming a secondary oocyte and a small nonviable (unable to survive) daughter cell. What is the name of the nonviable cell?

first polar body

Match the events of the reproductive cycle with their corresponding hormonal changes.

1. proliferative phase - increasing concentration of estrogen

2. ovulation - surge in concentration of LH

3. secretory phase - increasing concentration of progesterone

4. menstruation - decline in concentration of progesterone and estrogen

Increasing concentrations of estrogens cause thickening of the ____________ of the uterus.

endometrium

List two effects of contraction of the dartos muscle and increased tautness of the scrotum.

1. hold the testes snugly against the warm body

2. reduce the surface area of the scrotum, thus reducing heat loss.

The inner portion of the ovary that contains the large arteries and veins is the __________.

medulla

The serous layer of the uterus is the ____________.

perimetrium

The gonadotropins FSH and LH are released under the influence of the GnRH from what gland?

anterior pituitary

The spike or surge in the blood levels of what hormone leads to ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

The thin sheath of connective tissue that partially covers the vaginal orifice is the _______________.

hymen

Menstruation begins about day ______________ of a 28-day cycle and continues for about _______ days.

28; 5

Indicate 3 characteristics of prostatic fluid:

1. Contains PSA, an enzyme that liquifies semen.

2. Contains nutrients for sperm

3. Enhances the motility of sperm cells.

The cortex of the ovary is the _________ layer.

outer

The onset of puberty is initiated by the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the endocrine gland called the ________________.

hypothalamus

Male structures called the ___________ (plural) are the size of sperm cell maturation. They are now able to "swim".

epididymides

The hormone ___________ is primary responsible for maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics.

estrogen

Name the small paired structures located lateral to the membranous urethra within the urogenital diaphragm.

bulbourethral glands

Normally, where does fertilization occur?

in a uterine tube

The myometrium is the layer of the uterine wall that consists of ___________.

smooth muscle

If fertilization occurs, the secondary oocyte divides, forming a(n) ________ and a(n) ____________.

ovum; second polar body

Where are the epididymides located?

above and behind the testes

The cells of the corpus luteum secrete abundant amounts of the hormones ____________ and ___________ during the secretory half o the monthly cycle.

estrogen; progesterone

In males, luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the ___________ cells, which respond by secreting testosterone.

interstitial

In males, what types of gland is found on the posterior side of the bladder?

Seminal vesicle

The surgical procedure in which the prepuce is removed is called ________.

circumcision

Which statements are true about erection of the penis?

1. penis swells and elongates.

2. nitric oxide increases blood flow into erectile tissue.

3. increasing pressure of arterial blood in erectile tissue compresses the veins.

Rising progesterone levels cause _____________, while falling progesterone levels cause ____________.

endometrium thickening; endometrium sloughing

List two characteristics of a mature, or Graafian, follicle?

1. It has a fluid-filled cavity

2. It is the structure that undergoes ovulation.

The shaft of the penis is composed of three columns of erectile tissue: a pair of dorsally located corpora ____________ and a single ventral corpus _____________.

cavernosa; spongiosum

The secondary oocyte within the mature follicle is a large cell surounded by a zona pellucida. Around this structure are several layers of follicular cells that supply nutrients to the oocyte. What are these follicular cells called?

corona radiata

Failure of a testes to descend into the scrotum is referred to as:

cryptorchidism

List three structures located within the spermatic cord.

1. Blood Vessels

2. Vas Deferens

3. Nerves

What structure divides the scrotum into right and left compartments?

medial septum

The corpus spongiosum enlarges at its distal end to form what region of tissue?

glans penis

The ovaries secrete the hormone __________, which promotes changes in the endometrium and helps regulate secretions of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland.

progesterone

During the ovarian cycle, usually only one follicle, called a(n) _____________ follicle, fully develops.

dominant

What is the term for a female's first menstrual period?

menarche

The number of oocytes in the ovary steadily ________ from birth to menopause.

decreases.

A tightly coiled tube on the above and behind a testis that leads into a ductus deferens is the _______________.

epididymides

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

posterior to the urinary bladder.

Causes of erectile dysfunction, or impotence, include:

diabetes mellitus; excess smoking

The structures called __________ unite to form a complex network of channels called the _________, which in turn give rise to several ducts that join a tube called the epididymis.

seminiferous tubules; rete testis

A patient with high levels of PSA in his blood might have an enlarged _________ gland.

prostate.

The fluid-filled cavity found in an antral follicle is called the ___________.

antrum

What is the zona pellucida?

glycoprotein layer surrounding an oocyte

What hormone stimulates the sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules to proliferate, grow, mature, and respond to the effects of the males sex hormone testosterone?

FSH

Ciliary action and peristaltic contraction in the _________ help aid transportation of the secondary oocyte towards the uterus.

uterine tube

A single-celled, fertilized ovum is called a(n) __________.

zygote

Just outside the prostate gland, each ductus deferens unites with the duct of a seminal vesicle. The Fusion of these ducts forms the ____________ duct, which passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra.

ejaculatory

Since an oocyte needs to be fertilized within 24 hours of ovulation, there is a window of about ____________ day(s) for fertilization to occur during each monthly cycle.

one

The cells of the seminiferous tubules that support and nourish the sperm-producing cells are called ________ cells.

sustentacular

Sperm needs to reach the ___________ in order to fertilize the oocyte.

uterine tube