Notes from class: History Exam 1

Prester John

A stimulus for exploration

Motives for exploration and discovery

Religious zeal, renaissance curiosity, bland food, profit, power

Factors enabling exploration and discovery

Nation states, military technology, growing knowledge (printing press, St. Brenden, Marco Polo, Portolani, naval tech)

Berengia

The first inhabitants (The Clovis 12,000-1500y)

Proposition 1 (3 propositions of North America)

Settlement of North America was an extension of settlement patterns in Europe

(competition for food, land, jobs, resources caused moving to large areas westward)

Proposition 2 (3 propositions of North America)

once initial migration occurred, labor needs and land speculation stimulated further development

(PROFIT WAS DRIVING FORCE OF MIGRATION)

Proposition 3 (3 propositions of North America)

Variations in settlement experience depend upon factors of geography, timing, demographics e N

New England (Chesapeake vs New England)

Homogenous population, Puritan, healthy climate, rocky soil, families

Chesapeake (Chesapeake vs New England)

Heterogenous, Catholic/protestant, freedom religion, harsh climate, fertile soil, House of burgesses, single men, unstable

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan, Rejected Arminism, left to England, Believed Covenant of Grace, Antinomianism

Why was Anne Hutchinson a threat?

She said she has revelations and direct connection to God (which implies why do we need ministers)

Shes a women

Threat to community bond and organization

Antinomianism

Anti-laws

Historiography

History of written history

The Salem story

Stressful time: lost charter, rough winter, small pox, Indian riots

Fortune telling with Tituba

Naming names/picking targets

Enter the clergy

Spectoral evidence

20 executed, 5 died in jail, 200 accused

Puritans to blame (theories to explain witchcraft)

Domineering clergy and duped populace

Kai Erickson: Puritan theory at fault

Colonial traditions of what they teached are the problem

Community Conflict (theories to explain witchcraft)

John Demos: Renewing the bounds of the community (OUTSIDERS WHO THREATENED TRADITION AND ORDER WERE ACCUSED)

Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum: Community factionalism between Salem village and East Salem Village (ACCUSERS WERE IN WEST AND ACCCUSED IN EAST)

Genuine Witches (theories to explain witchcraft)

Chadwick Hansen

Biological explanations (theories to explain witchcraft)

Ergot Poisoning or vitamin D deficiency

Psychosis (theories to explain witchcraft)

Clinical hysteria triggered by oppressive Puritan triggered by oppressive Puritan

-Memories and fear of Indian attacks caused “invasion neurosis”

Devil is knocking thought sent them into frenzy

Gender (theories to explain witchcraft)

Women as scapegoat for ills of society

Gender war

men accusing women (women more susceptible)

Women gaining power and men didn’t like it (men reassuring control)

Indentured Servitude

Work in exchange for someone paying for them to get to US (5-7 years), limited freedom, reciprocal rights/freedom dues, not enough people to meet labor needs

Other options to fulfill labor needs

Fraud/tricking, kidnapping/spiriting, use convicts, political or military prisoners, native Americans, African slavery

African Slavery

Why?: Tended to be healthier, adaptable

La Amistad

The middle passage (video watched in class)

Disease (Impact of white settlement on Native Americans)

Many waves of diseases and other stressors which compromised their immune systems caused so many Native Americans to die

Trade (Impact of white settlement on Native Americans)

Could bring power to Native American tribes

As trade develops source of power comes from trade with Euro Americans

Alcohol (Impact of white settlement on Native Americans)

Both sides tried to stop this due to fights, conflict, and problems drunkenness caused and made people more prone to disease

Native Americans could have prevented this if they made their own but thought that if they made their own it would take power away from it

Livestock (Impact of white settlement on Native Americans)

Major source of tension bc cattle ate others crops

Colonists stealing Native American

Metcom King Phillips War

Started bc of pigs

Revolution

Change in the way things are done

A watershed moment

A moment/point in history that marks a moment of change B

Barriers to unity

Lawsuits: Colonies suing eachother and threatening war

Sectionalisms: North vs South colony arguments and other groups

Colonial rivalry: So much division, how will they come together

Heritage of independence

No contact with royal officials

Mercantilism

Everything for the state (Great Britain)

Navigation acts

Ways they control mercantilism; structure trade to help Great Britain

Navigation act #1

Only English/Colonial merchants can legally trade in colonies

Navigation act #2

Certain valuable American products could be sold only in country

Navigation act #3

Foreign goods had to be shipped through England, paying import duties

Salutary Neglect

Beneficial to let system go without much enforcement (mercantilism and navigation acts)

French and Indian War

1763

7 years war

Expensive for British

Revamping the system after the French and Indian War

After war debt, they started taxing to gain revenue to get out

Whigs

Political party in GB; protested against King George

Paul Revere

Silver Smith

Middle class

well respected

his spy on gage was gage’s wife

Common Sense

Thomas pains book that pushed colonists to decide freedom was needed (effective bc of timing and targeted the common population)

Olive branch Petition

George Washington

Virginian; elected first general

Committees of observation and inspection

Try to make sure non-importation plan is done right

dont comply they threaten, kick them out to comply

ugly and mob like

3 views of republicanism

1: Elect wise leaders

2: Virtue is advanced by economic self interest

3: Egalatarian: everyone should have a sayD

Declaration of Independence

Listed grievances (why we breaking from GB)

King thrusted slavery on them was pulled out

Gorilla warfare (dont have to win just survive until they are tired)

How colonist with no army defeated GB with the largest army

3 assumptions by lord north

1: Americans couldn’t handle it

2: GB captured major cities the US would crumble

3: They thought people would quickly give up in US

Christmas 1776

Washington crosses Delaware and surprise attack on Trenton and then Princeton which raised hopes that they can win

Benedict Arnold

Battle of Saratoga Warrior

Patriots (colonist group)

2/5 population

Lower middle class

Farmer, craftsman, protestants, Puritans (FOUGHT FOR THE INDEPENDENCE)

Loyalists (tories) (colonist group)

Against movement for independence: englatarionv church and those connected to British government system, some back country farmers 1/5 population

Neutral (colonist group)

2/5 population; on the fence and tended to switch back and forth; tenant farmers

Native Americans and African Americans (support colonists or British)

Divided but tended to support British