Copy_of_FNE_Exam_1_Study_Guide_for_KNowt

Behavior Modification Strategies

-SMART Goals

-Self-monitoring

-Social Networking

-Reduce Triggers

Which is not a behavior modification strategy?

• SMART Goals

• Constant measuring weight

• Social Groups

• Journaling

Constant measuring weight

What are the 5 parts of energy expidenture?

-BMR

-RMR

-TEF

-PAEE

-NEAT

BMR

Basic Metabolic Rate

The amount of energy the body needs at rest to maintain basic physiological functions. It accounts for the largest portion of total energy expenditure.

RMR

Resting Metabolic Rate

Similar to BMR but measured under less strict conditions. It represents the energy required to maintain basic bodily functions while at rest but not in a completely fasted or stress-free state.

TEF

Thermic Effect of Food

The energy required to digest, absorb, and metabolize food. It typically accounts for about 5-10% of total daily energy expenditure.

PAEE

Physical Activity Energy Expidenture

The energy expended through all forms of movement.

NEAT

Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis

The energy expended through non-exercise movements, such as fidgeting, posture maintenance, and spontaneous physical activities.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

Based on the assumption that adipose tissue has a greater electrical resistance than tissue. Varying hydration levels can affect results.

Waist circumference standards

Women: > 35 puts at higher risk

Men: > 40 puts at higher risk

Waist to height ratio for women is

<0.85

Lower body fat distribution is associated with

menopause

Upper body fat distribution is associated with

distributes fat directly to liver and puts person at higher risk of CVDs

Transcription is

goes first, takes lagging strand/RNA(the part that was just copied) and gets separated into mRNA

Translation is

the mRNA gets translated into codons from the tRNA then get attached to other amino acid and then becomes new protein

The nine essential amino acids are

1. Tryptophan

2. Phenylalanine

3. Methionine

4. Histidine

5. Isoleucine

6. Valine

7. Lysine

8. Threonine

9. Leucine

What defines an essential amino acid?

An essential amino acid is one that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet. These amino acids are crucial for various physiological functions.

Pancreatic Enzymes (small intestine)

1. Trypsin

2. Chymotrypsin

3. Proelastase

4. Procarboxypeptidase

Major Classes of Proteases (breaks down protein)

-Endopeptidase

-Exopeptidase

-Enteropeptidase

-Pepsin

Endopeptidase

break peptide bonds within the protein chain

Exopeptidase

Remove amino acids from the ends of the protein chain

Enteropeptidase

Converts chyme to trypsin, precursor to protease

Pepsin

Secreted in the stomach

Complete Protein

contain all nine amino acids

Incomplete Protein

Lack one or more essential amino acids

Complementary Protein

foods that together make up all nine essential amino acids

Formula for protein requirement given weight

Lbs / 2.2kg = X

Xkg x 0.8 = protein recommendation

Calculate protein requirement for someone who weights 200 lbs

• 160 g

• 140g

• 110g

• 180g

160 g

Non-modifiable risk factors for CVD

• Age

• Sex

• Hereditary problems

Modifiable risk factors for CVD

• Smoking

• High BP

• inactivity

• excess body fat

• Cholesterol levels

• Diabetes

Pick the non modifiable risk factor for CVD

• Diabetes

• High BP

• Age

• Smoking

Age

VLDL

Very Low Density Lipoprotein

which is a type of lipoprotein that carries triglycerides (a type of fat) in the blood. VLDL is considered a "bad" cholesterol because high levels can lead to plaque buildup in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

IDL

Intermediate Lipoprotein

transitional lipoprotein between Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

LDL

Low Density Lipoprotein

Transports cholesterol/lipids from the liver to body cells

HDL

High Density Lipoprotein

Good cholesterol, helps maintain cholesterol levels reducing associated chronic diseases

How are different lipoproteins transported in the blood in a fasted state?

During fasting, stored triglycerides in adipose tissue are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol through lipolysis. The carrier albumin. The liver packages fatty acids into VLDL, which then circulates and delivers triglycerides to tissues. As VLDL loses triglycerides, it converts into intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and then LDL.

How are different lipoproteins transported in a fed state?

fed state, the major lipoprotein responsible for fatty acid transport in the blood is chylomicrons. These are absorbed by intestinal cells and reassembled into triglycerides, which are then packaged into chylomicrons. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system and then the bloodstream. They deliver fatty acids to high energy organs.

The digestive enzymes for lipids

• lingual lipase

• gastric lipase

• pancreatic lipase

What is not a digestive enzyme for lipids

• lingual lipase

• esophageal lipase

• pancreatic lipase

• gastric lipase

esophageal lipase

What is a glycerolipid?

-it has a glycerol backbone and a one tail or more.

-Glycerolipids are essential for cell membranes, energy storage, and signaling

What is a phospholipid?

-glycerol backbone, 1+ fatty acid tail, and a phosphate group

-make up cell membranes

What is a cholesterol?

-has multiple rings

-It is an essential component of cell membranes and is also a precursor hormones and vitamin D. 

What is a fatty acid?

In its simplest from: acid and methyl group

What is saturated fat?

linear and no double bond

What is an unsaturated fat?

-liquid at room temp

-Cis and trans forms

-Typically plant derived

-Trans form is linear

Linoleic acid

Omega-6

MUFA

-Monosaturated fatty acid

-linoleic acid

PUFA

-Polysaturated fatty acid

-alpha-linoleic acid

What is the Calorie lipid recommendation?

20-35% of kCal diet

Glycemic Index

ratio of blood glucose response to a food, high GI then more glucose is made

Glycemic Load

It takes into account both the glycemic index (GI) of the food and the amount of carbohydrates it contains. 

Criteria for diabetes diagnosis

-HypOglycemia: low-blood sugar 70 mg/dL

-HypERglycemia: 125 mg/dL

-Fasting blood glucose is 100 to 125 mm per deciliter, or HbA1c is 5.7% to 6.4%

Hypoglycemia

70 mg/dL

Hyperglycemia

125 mg/dL

What is the criteria for a diabetes diagnosis using HbA1c?

5.7-6.4%

Function of Insulin?

release insulin to lower blood glucose

Function of glucagon?

Glucose is gone - raise blood glucose, catabolic, breaks down glycogen

Carbohydrate digestion enzymes are

• Salivary amylase

• Pancreatic a-amylase

• Maltase

• Isomaltase

• Sucrase

• Lactase

ID the non-carbohydrate digestion enzyme

• Lactase

• halotase

• salivary amylase

• maltase

halotase

Amylose

-Helical structure

-a linear, unbranched polysaccharide made of α-D-glucose units linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Amylopectin

-River like branching

-a highly branched, water-insoluble polysaccharide and a major component of starch

Glycogen

-Star branching, many branches for more energy

-the stored form of glucose that's made up of many connected glucose molecules

List the three DIsaccharides

1. Sucrose: glucose + fructose

2. Lactose: glucose + galactose

3. Maltose: glucose + glucose

Which one is a DIsaccharide

• Sucrose

• glucose

• galactose

Sucrose

List the three MONOsaccharides

1. Glucose

2. Fructose: fruit sugar HFCS

3. Galactose

Select the MONOsaccharide

• Lactose

• Galactose

• Sucrose

Galactose

List the dietary fiber recommendations

M: 38 g

F: 25 g

OR 45-65% of total calories

Epigenetics

focuses on individual gene modifications, like DNA methylation or histone modifications, that regulate how genes are turned on or off.

Epigenomics

looks at the entire genome’s epigenetic changes, studying patterns across all genes in an organism. Gene expression.

Salivary Amylase

starch-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands and pancreas; starts digestion of carbohydrates

Lingual Lipase

fat-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas

Pepsin

begins digestion of protein

Pancreatic lipase

finishes lipid digestion

Sucrase, maltase, isomaltase and lactase all…

finish carbohydrate digestion

Aminopeptidase, tripeptidase, and dipeptidylpeptidase all…

finish amino acid/protein digestion

Enterpeptidase

cleave trypsinogen to trypsin

Digestive enzymes that originate from the pancreas (4)

1. Trypsinogen

2. Chymotrypsinogen

3. Procarboxypeptidase

4. Proelastase

Insulin is a…

• hormone for digestion

• Lowers blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake into cells and storage as glycogen in the liver.

Glucagon is a…

• hormone for digestion

• Raises blood sugar by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver to release glucose.

Ghrelin is a…

• Hormone for digestion

• Known as the "hunger hormone," it stimulates appetite and food intake.

Leptin is a…

• hormone for digestion

• The "satiety hormone," it signals the brain to reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure.

Estrogen is a…

• hormone for digestion

• Affects fat distribution and metabolism, playing a role in appetite regulation.

Testosterone is a…

• hormone for digestion

• Supports muscle mass and metabolism, influencing energy utilization.

Secretin is a…

• hormone for digestion

• Regulates digestion by stimulating the pancreas to release bicarbonate, neutralizing stomach acid.

CCK is a…

• hormone for digestion

• stimulates pancreatic enzyme release & gallbladder contraction

Gastrin is a…

• hormone for digestion

• promotes gastric motility and secretions from chief/parietal cells

How many organ systems are we required to know?

12

What is not an organ system to know?

• Integumentary

• Respiratory

• Male Reproductive

• Circulatory

Circulatory

Integumentary organ system

• hair

• skin tissue

• sweat glands

• protects against environment

Skeletal organ system

• bones

• ligaments

• Provides structure

• forms blood cells

Muscular organ system

• skeletal muscles

• tendons

• movement so can heat body

Nervous organ system

• brain

• spinal cord

• sense organs

• respond to stimuli

• coordinates activites

Endocrine

• pituitary gland

• pancreas

• gonads

• metabolic activity

• controls growth structure

• controls functions

Cardiovascular organ system

• heart

• blood vessels

• distributes blood cells and nutrients

• assists in body temp

Lymphatic organ system

• spleen

• thymus

• tonsils

• defends against infection and disease

• absorbs dietary fats

Respiratory organ system

• larynx

• sinus

• trachea

• O2 to blood and off of it

• communication

Digestive organ system

• teeth

• liver

• intestines

• digestion of food

• absorb/conserve nutrients

Urinary organ system

• kidneys

• ureters

• urethra

• blood waste products

• regulations ions and pH

Male Reproductive organ system

• testes

• epididymis

• prostate

• produces sperm

• sexual intercourse

Female Reproductive organ system

• ovaries

• uterus

• vagina

• produces oocytes

• support embryo/fetus

• milk production

• sexual intercourse