Thoracic Musculoskeletal Anatomy Review

These flashcards cover key concepts from the thoracic musculoskeletal anatomy lecture, focusing on bones, muscles, blood supply, and clinical relevance.

What structures close the thoracic outlet in life?

The diaphragm closes the thoracic outlet.

What is thoracic outlet syndrome?

Compression of arteries, veins, and/or nerves at the thoracic inlet causing pain and numbness.

List the risk factors for thoracic outlet syndrome.

Physical trauma, presence of a cervical rib, goiter.

What are the primary bones of the thoracic cage?

Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum.

What are the components of a thoracic vertebra?

Vertebral body, pedicle, lamina, vertebral foramen, spinous and transverse processes, and articular processes.

Which joints are formed by the ribs and thoracic vertebrae?

Costovertebral joints and costotransverse joints.

What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint?

It is a cartilaginous joint.

What is the significance of the sternal angle?

It correlates with key anatomical landmarks like the manubriosternal joint and rib 2 sternocostal joint.

Identify the types of ribs in the thoracic cage.

True ribs (1-7), False ribs (8-10), Floating ribs (11-12), Typical ribs (3-9), Atypical ribs (1-2, 10-12).

What are the features of typical ribs (3-9)?

Head with two articular facets, neck, tubercle, angle, costal groove.

Describe the characteristics of rib 1.

Wide, short, has two costal grooves and one articular facet, and a scalene tubercle.

What are the primary muscles of ventilation?

Diaphragm and external intercostals.

What do accessory muscles of ventilation help with?

They assist in forced inhalation or forced exhalation.

How do the intercostal muscles contribute to breathing?

They brace the intercostal space and help move the ribcage during forced breathing.

What are the diaphragm's main attachments?

Xiphoid process anteriorly, ribs 6-10 laterally, lumbar vertebrae posteriorly.

What innervates the diaphragm?

The phrenic nerve (C3, 4, 5 roots) supplies it.

How does the diaphragm change during quiet inhalation?

It contracts and becomes flatter, increasing the thoracic cavity's volume.

What describes forced inhalation?

Involves diaphragm and accessory muscles to elevate ribs and expand thoracic cavity.

What are the mechanics of thoracic cage movements during ventilation?

Elevation and depression of ribs via the bucket-handle and pump-handle mechanisms.

What does the intercostal neurovascular bundle consist of?

Intercostal artery, vein, and nerve (VAN).

Which arteries supply the thoracic wall?

Posterior intercostal arteries from the thoracic aorta and anterior intercostal arteries from the internal thoracic artery.

How do the anterior intercostal veins drain?

First 6 drain into internal thoracic vein; 7th-9th drain into musculophrenic vein.

What is the blood supply of the diaphragm?

Lower 5 intercostal arteries and the subcostal artery, along with superior phrenic arteries.

Where does the diaphragm drain lymphatic fluid?

Into diaphragmatic nodes, then parasternal nodes.

What is the primary function of the diaphragm?

Facilitating ventilation by altering the thoracic cavity volume.

Which ribs are classified as atypical?

Ribs 1, 2, 10, 11, and 12.

What are the attachments of the diaphragm on its lateral aspects?

Costal cartilages of ribs 6 to 10.

What is the action of the external intercostal muscles during inhalation?

They elevate and stabilize the rib cage.

What role do the accessory abdominal muscles play during forced exhalation?

They help depress the ribs and increase intra-abdominal pressure.

Identify the ligaments associated with the costotransverse joints.

Costotransverse, lateral costotransverse, and superior costotransverse ligaments.

What is the effect of quiet exhalation on the thoracic cavity?

It involves passive elastic recoil of the lungs.

Describe the costovertebral joint.

Joint formed between the head of the rib and the demi facets on the vertebral body.

Explain the significance of thoracic cage elevation.

It increases anterior-posterior and transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity.

What can cause variations in the anatomical structure of ribs?

Developmental differences and anatomical anomalies.

What anatomical structures can be identified at the sternal angle?

End of aortic arch, boundary of superior-inferior mediastinum, bifurcation of trachea.