UNIT 1 Modern World History Test (Honors)

The Crusades

Military expeditions to conquer the Holy Land, leading to increased trade, reproduction of money/credit, and the introduction of new technologies.

The Black Plague

A pandemic that reached Europe in 1347, originating from trade routes in Asia, causing a decrease in population, increased land values, and religious persecution.

Renaissance

A period that began in Italy in the 14th century, characterized by exposure to new ideas, luxuries, and the emergence of new interests.

Humanism

A focus on creating a well-rounded individual through the study of classics like poetry, grammar, and philosophy.

William Shakespeare

An influential playwright of the late 16th and early 17th centuries known for numerous plays.

Johann Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press in 1457.

Petrarch

An author known for writing 'Canzoniere' in the vernacular (common English).

Dante Alighieri

An author of 'The Divine Comedy' written in the vernacular (common English).

Giovanni Boccaccio

Author of 'The Decameron' written in the vernacular (common English).

Christian Humanism

A movement that contributed to the Protestant Reformation.

Martin Luther

A German priest who initiated the Protestant Reformation by challenging the practices of the church.

Protestant Reformation

A movement in Western Europe during the late 15th century that led to the split from the Catholic Church.

Excommunication

The act of being banned from the church and condemned to hell.

Charles V/Diet of Worms

The event where Martin Luther was banned from the Holy Roman Empire.

Peasants' Revolt

A rebellion in 1524 triggered by the Reformation.

Peace of Augsburg

An agreement that settled the Protestant Reformation.

Henry VIII

King of England who initiated the English Reformation to marry another wife.

Inquisition

A church court that charged individuals, typically for heresy.

Galileo Galilei

Scientist charged with spreading 'false' information in 1633.

Scientific Revolution

A period marked by advancements in scientific thought and methodology.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Proposed the heliocentric theory with the earth revolving around the sun.

Johannes Kepler

Calculated planetary orbits and discovered elliptical shapes.

Francis Bacon

Contributed to the creation of the scientific method.

Rene Descartes

Focused on discovering truth and argued that it is found at the end of a dispute.

Isaac Newton

Formulated the theory of gravity and planetary motion.

Andreas Vesalius

Published the first accurate theory of human anatomy.

William Harvey

Discovered the circulation of blood in the body.

Robert Boyle

Clarified the concept of chemicals being composed of tiny particles.

The Enlightenment

A movement of philosophies and intellectuals in the 17th and 18th centuries advocating progress and societal improvement.

John Locke

Advocated for equality and the formation of government to protect life, liberty, and property.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Promoted direct democracy and the concept of the general will in decision-making.

Baron de Montesquieu

Proposed the separation of powers in government.

Thomas Hobbes

Believed in absolute monarchy due to the inherently selfish nature of people.

Voltaire

Advocated for tolerance and equality among individuals.

The Industrial Revolution

A shift from agricultural to factory production starting in the late 1700s, leading to societal changes and technological advancements.

Jeremy Bentham

A utopian socialist who wrote about societal improvements and the greatest good for society.

Robert Owen

A utopian socialist who envisioned a perfect world.

Social Democracy

An ideology that balances elements of capitalism and socialism for societal benefit.

What impact did the Scientific Revolution have? (Short Answer)

The Scientific Revolution transformed society by emphasizing science and reason over tradition and religion. This lead to major advancements in various scientific fields and it laid down the foundation for modern science.

Compare the Enlightenment Philosophers: (Short Answer)

The Enlightenment Philosophers shared a ideas like individual rights, and distrusting of the authority at the time. For example Locke emphasized natural rights, and consent of the governed. While Voltaire wanted free speech and religion. Montesquieu introduced the new of idea of separation of powers, and Rousseau focused on the social contracts and the general will.

What were some effects of the Industrial Revolution? (Short Answer)

The Industrial Revolution’s negative impacts include: harsh working conditions, child labor, woman were not paid as much as men, very long hours, lots of pollution in the sky, and cities were overcrowded and not sanitary.

How did the Crusades and Black Plague lead to the modern area?(Short Answer)

The Crusades and The Black Plague lead to the modern area because it shaped the way on how different countries trade with each other, and how they exchange technology. It also brought awareness to medicine which was new at the time, this is because people wanted to find a cure to The Black Plague.