English & Reading

What is a homophone?

• Words that sound the same; but are spelled differently, with different meanings

What is a homograph?

• Spelled the same, different meanings

What are the conjunctions that must be preceded with a comma?

• F: For

• A: And

• N: Nor

• B: BUt

• O: OR

• Y: Yet

• S: So

What is the function of an aprotrophe?

• To form a contraction or show possession

What is the function of a semicolon?

• Join closely related independent clauses

What is the function of a colon?

• Introduce a list of items

What is a preposition?

• Describes direction, location, or time of the noun

e.g. over, at, in, during

What is the object of preposition?

• Noun that follows preposition

What is the subject?

• The main who or what (noun)

What is the predicate?

• An action or state of subject (verb)

What is a modifier?

• Word or phrase adding information (adjective or adverb)

What is a direct object?

• Group of words receiving action of verb; after verb NOT subject

“A subject verbs a direct object to or for an indirect object”

What is an indirect object?

• Person or thing to whom or which something is done

At whom? To whom?

What are the two types of complements?

1. Subject complement

2. Object complement

What is a subject complement?

• Renames or describes the subject

What is an object complement?

• Enhances the meaning of a direct object

direct object receives the action

What is an independent clause?

• Subject + predicate (verb)

What is a dependent clause?

• Lacking subject or verb; usually a subordinating conjuction with independent clause

What are the 4 types of sentences?

1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound complex

What is a simple sentence?

• Independent clause

What is a compound sentence?

• Two or more independent clauses connected by a conjuction

FANBOYS

What is a complex sentence?

• Independent clause + 1 or more dependent clauses; uses comma

What is a compound-complex sentence?

• 2 independent clauses + at least one 1 dependent clause connected by conjuction

What is a fragment?

• Lacking a subject or predicate

What is the exception to fragment sentences?

• Imperative sentences; IMPLIED subject —you

“Come here!”

What are run on sentences?

• 2 independent clauses without a conjunction

What are the 3 types of verb tenses?

1. Simple

2. Perfect

3. Progressive

What is the simple past verb tense?

• Action has happened

What is the perfect past verb tense?

• Action finished before another past action

had visited

What is the progressive past verb tense?

• Past action ongoing

were visiting

What is the simple present verb tense?

• Action occurring

I walk, visit, call

What is the perfect present verb tense?

• Action taken place before now

have/has traveled

What is the progressive present verb tense?

• Action occurring right now

am/is/are verb (-ing)

What is the simple future verb tense?

• Action in future

am/is/are going to + verb

What is the perfect future verb tense?

• Action completed before a specific time

will/have + past form verb

What is the progressive future verb tense?

• Action that will occur and continue to occur

will/be + verb (-ing)

What is a prefix?

• Begnis root word

What is a suffix?

• Ends root word

What are the two types of suffixes?

• Inflectional suffix

• Derivational suffix

What is an inflectional suffix?

• Do not change meaning of word

based on grammar; tense, voice, person, gender

What is a derivational suffix?

• Forms a meaning

nouns —> adjective, verbs —> adverbs

When asked if prefix or suffix will change meaning of root, what must you think about?

• Think about; whether root word is a noun, verb, adjective, or adverd

What are the 3 degrees of comparison for adverbs?

• Simple

• Comparative

• Superlative

What is a simple adverb?

• Well, describing quality -ly

badly

What is a comparative adverb?

• Better, comparing quality to something else; -er

faster

What is a superlative adverb?

• Best, quality better than anything else; -st

worst

What are the 3 types of bias?

1. Agena

2. Sensationalism: shocking or exciting

3. Omission

What is connotative versus denotative?

• Denotative: dictionary definition

• Conative: positive or negative emotion attached to word

What is a simile?

• Direct comparison between two ideas using like or as

What is a metaphor?

• Comparison between unlike things; “is” “was”

What is allusion?

• Reference to well known person, place or thing

What is an idiom?

• A phrase with a meaning different from its literal meaning

What is an assonance?

• Repeating vowel sounds across group of words

What is an alliteration?

• Repeating starting constant sounds in two or more words

“Peter pan picked a pepper”

What is a onomatopoeia?

• Words of sounds made

What is a theme? Examples?

• Universally relatable concepts that can serve as lessons or morals of readers

e.g. Power, Feminism vs. Machismo

What is the I before E?

• I before E; except after C