AUBF Module 1: Renal Anatomy and Physiology

1-1.5 million functional units

how many functional units does kidney have?

Cellular structure of the glomerulus

Glomerular (Hydrostatic) pressure

Feedback mechanisms of RAAS

Factors that influence the actual filtration process of the kidney

Cortical nephron

Juxtamedullary nephron

2 types of Nephrons

Blood Volume

Blood pressure

Blood composition

What influences renal function?

Bowman's capsule

a membrane enclosing the glomerulus

Hilus

it is where the renal artery enters into the kidney

juxtamedullary nephrons

its function is primarily for concentration of urin

Afferent- dilate

Efferent- constrict

what happes if there is decrease in blood pressure? What happens to the afferent and efferent arteriole?

located in the mostly in the cortex but it is extended deep into the medulla.

Location of Juxtamedullary nephron

Regulation of body fluids

Acid-Base balance

Electrolyte balance

Excretion of waste products

Maintenance of blood pressure and erythropoiesis

Kidneys help maintain hoemostatis including:

8 capillary lobes

How many lobes does the glomerulus have?

True

True or False

Kidneys are located below the ribcage or adrenal gland

Removal of waste products

Reabsorption of nutrients

2 main functions of Cortical nephron

False

without protein, water will leak out

True/False

If there is no proteins in oncotic pressure, the water won't leak out of the blood vessel and tissues

capillary wall membrane

basement membrane

visceral epithelium of Bowman's capsule

Cellular Structure of the Glomerulus have 3 layers. What are these?

Cortical nephrons

it is abundant with nephrons

Afferent- constrict

Efferent - dilate

when there is Increase blood pressure, what happens to the afferent and efferent arteriole?

Renal Blood Flow

Glomerular filtration

Tubular reabsorption

Tubular secretion

What are the renal functions of the kidney?

afferent arteriole

In renal blood flow, blood enters the (1) which is the portal entry of the blood

It serves as a pathway for the molecules to get in and out of the tubules

Why is the glomerulus fenestrated? What is its purpose?

cortex

Where is cortical nephron located?

peritubular capillaries

it is surrounded by PCT & DCT

Glomerulus

part of nephron that is responsible for filtration of the blood and removal of waste products

Oncotic pressure

a pressure wherein the protein is capable of pulling the water to prevent from leaking out to the blood vessels and tissues

Hydrostatic pressure

Oncotic pressure

2 pressures that pushes the blood to the glomerulus

Vasa Recta

it is where major exchanges of water and salts between blood and medullar interstitium takes place

Hydrostatic pressure

refers to the blood pressure or the force from the heart as it pumps the blood to the kidney

Renal arteries -> Afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries -> vasa recta

What is the process of Renal Blood Flow?

peritubular capillaries

provides for the immediate reabsorption of essential substances in the PCT

RAAS

controls the regulation of flow of the blood to and within the glomerulus

juxtaglomerular apparatus

RAAS is monitored by what factor?

macula densa

a cell of juxtaglomerular apparatus that is found in the distal convoluted tubule

Juxtaglomerular cells

Macula densa

Juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of what cells?

ACE (Angiotensin converting enzymes)

what enzyme is Angiotensin I needed in order to form Angiotensin II?

False

Sodium has the ability to pull water. Therefore decrease sodium results to decrease water retention

True /False

In RAA sytem, decreased sodium, results to increased water retention

decreased

An increased systemic blood pressure & plasma sodium content results to_________ secretion of urin

macula densa

If the RAAS changes, what cell is the first one to react to this changes?

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system

term for RAAS

enhances filtration

what is the purpose of hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus?

Active transport

a transport where substance to be reabsorbed must combine with a carrrier protein

Ultra-filtrate

refers to the plasma and other small solutes that are produced after having whole blood undergo filtration

Water

Urea

Sodium

Substances in which passive transport is responsible for:

Passive Transport

Movement of moleculses across a membrane

Sodium &Chloride

In tubular concentration, what substance/s is/are reabsorbed in the ascending loop?

Glucose,AA,salts

Chloride

Sodium

Substances in which Active transport is responsible for:

1010

What is the specific gravity of all substances when it all passes the glomerulus?

overcome the opposing pressure

overcome the oncotic pressure

function of hydrostatic pressure:

Ascending loop of henle

Location of sodium in Passive transport

auto-regulatory mechanism

maintains the glomerular blood pressure at a relatively constant rate

Renin

an enzyme produced by the juxtaglomerular cells

160-180mg/dL

Level of Renal threshold in mg/dL

True

True/False

Passive reabsorption of sodium accompanies the active transport of chloride in the ascending loop

Ascending loop of henle

Location of chloride in Active transport

Renal threshold

maximum level of the concentration of certain substances where it couldn't be reabsorbed by the kidney

Countercurrent mechanism

is the reabsorption process that occurs in the loop of henle

countercurrent mechanism

serves to maintain the osmotic gradient in the medulla

H2O

In the tubular concentration, what substance is removed by osmosis in the descending loop of henle?

Osmosis

it is responsible for the movement of water in the loops of henle

False

Increase BH = decrease ADH, increase urine volume

True/ False

Increase body hydration = increase ADH, decrease Urine volume

PCT

Ascending loop of henle

Location of Urea in Passive transport

True

True/False

Passive reabsorption of water takes place in all parts of nephron EXCEPT the ascending loop of henle

Water

In passive transport, what substance is located in the PCT, descending loop of henle, & collecting duct?

Active transport- PCT & DCT

Passive transport - Ascending loop of henle

Difference of sodium according to Active transport and Passive transport

ADH or vasopressin

In collecting duct concentration, what hormone reabsorbs water back to the blood

Tubular reabsorption

a process where substances are removed from the glomerular filtrate and returned to the blood for circulation

vasopressin

Another term for ADH

Aldosterone

promotes more sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the DCT and collecting duct by opening NA and K channels

paracellular movement

a movement where very small amount of sodium moves between the cells through leaky cell junctions

Clearance test

a test used for the filtration

tubular filtration test

a test where it measures the weight of the urine