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Judicial Review
The power of the courts to review and determine the constitutionality of laws or government actions.
Marbury v. Madison
A landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States.
Judicial Restraint
A principle in constitutional law that encourages judges to limit their power and defer to the decisions of the legislative and executive branches.
Judicial Activism
deciding a case based on the underlying principles of the Constitution
Constitutional Court
Supreme Court and appellate and district courts created by Congress
District Court
lowest federal court, federal trials are only held here
Courts of Appeals
federal courts that hear appeals from district courts
Legislative Courts
created by Congress, includes military appeals
Litmus test
term used to describe how a judge’s ideology is determined by the Senate
Federal-question cases
Cases that involve a federal law or the interpretation of the U.S. Constitution.
Diversity cases
Cases between parties from different states or countries, involving a certain amount of money in dispute.
Writ of certiorari
An order by the Supreme Court to review a case from a lower court.
In forma pauperis
A status that allows a person to proceed with a lawsuit without paying court fees due to financial hardship.
Standing
The legal right to bring a lawsuit, requiring a party to have a sufficient stake or interest in the outcome.
Sovereign immunity
The principle that the government cannot be sued without its consent.
Class-action suit
A lawsuit brought by a group of individuals who have suffered similar harm or injury.
Brief
A written legal document that presents arguments and legal authorities in support of a party's position.
Amicus curiae
A brief filed by a person or organization who is not a party to the case but has an interest in the outcome.
Opinion of the Court
The majority opinion that represents the decision and reasoning of the Supreme Court.
Concurring opinion
An opinion written by a justice who agrees with the majority's decision but for different reasons.
Dissenting opinion
An opinion written by a justice who disagrees with the majority's decision.
Stare decisis
The principle of following precedent and adhering to previous court decisions.
Strict Constructivism
A judicial philosophy that interprets the Constitution based on its original meaning and intent.