Unit XII: The Consolidation of Large Nation-States, 1859-1871

Risorgimento

nineteenth century movement for Italian unification

Victor Emmanuel

the constitutional monarch of Piedmont

Savoy

Cavour wished to unite Italy under the royal family from this nation-state

Piedmont

a principality within Sardinia, led Italian unification

Sardinia

a nation-state that created modern day Italy

"Garibaldi's Thousand"

followers of Giuseppe Garibaldi who were led in an armed expedition from northern Italy to the southern kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Napoleon III

took part in a war against Austria, defeated them but signed a peace treaty with them

War of 1859

fought by France and Piedmont against Austria: French and Piedmontese forces won out but France ended the war

Magenta and Solferino

the battles in the war of 1859: lost by Austrian forces to the Franco-Piedmontese forces

Italia irredenta

"unredeemed Italy": regions seen by Italians as potential incorporations to Italy

German confederation of 1815

a loose confederation of the German states, linked them together but was designed to keep them from uniting

Schleswig-Holstein question

a dispute between Austria and Prussia over rights of passage, keeping of internal order and other issues linked with the occupation of Schleswig and Holstein

Danish War

fought between Danish and Austro-Prussian forces control of the Schleswig territory, Danes lost and the territories of Schleswig and Holstein are taken

Seven Weeks' War

Prussia vs. Austria (and forces from most of the other German states)- Prussia won in an insanely quick time; Bismarck annexed Schleswig-Holstein, Kingdom of Hanover, duchies of Nassau and Hesse-Cassel, and Frankfurt

North German Confederation

a confederation of 21 German states and Prussia, not including all the states below the Main, organized in 1867 by Bismarck

Ferdinand Lasalle

led a socialist group that believed it was possible to improve working-class conditions through the action of existing governments; accepted the North German Confederation in return for a universal male suffrage

"Ems dispatch"

a telegraph to Bismarck regarding French contact of the Prussian king in regards to a vague threat that no Hohenzollern would ever become a candidate for the Spanish throne; edited and reduced and send out to anger French and Prussians with the hope of igniting a war

battle of Sedan

fought between France and Prussia: France surrenders after losing, Napoleon III is taken prisoner, Third Republic of France is declared

siege of Paris

Prussian and German forces moved to France (after the battle of Sedan) and lay siege to the capital- Paris refuses to surrender for four months (the ppl of Paris eat rats to keep up this)

treaty of Frankfurt

embodied the peace dictated by Bismarck: constituent assembly elected by universal male suffrage, France has to pay German Empire 5 billion gold francs (Nap. III is literally freaking out about this ), cede border region of Alsace and most of Lorraine (which freaking Louis XIV had won for the French, so the French were not happy)

"indemnity act" of 1867

Prussian parliament says they can keep changes but they have to agree that they were unfair.

Prussian constitution of 1850

Introduced a new system of elections including three classes and votes were weighted based on taxes paid, making the wealthy more powerful.

Austroslavism

movement increasingly evident after 1848: Slavs in Austrian Empire wanted to maintain framework of empire in which there would be increasing local self-government for nationalities to grow in

Francis Joseph

Habsburg emperor: disliked everything liberal, progressive or modern; incapable of enlarging his views, of ambitious projects, bold decisions or persevering action; lived in a pompous dream world

Dual Monarchy

compromise between the Germans of Austria and Bohemia and the Magyars of Hungary: West of the river Leith= Empire of Austria, east= Kingdom of Hungary

Ausgleich

name for the compromise of 1867, created the Dual Monarchy`

Alexander II

tsar of Russia from 1855-1881, not liberal but saw that Russia needed some changes

Westernizers

believed Russia was destined to become more like Western Europe

Slavophiles

believed Russia was entrusted with a special destiny of its own, of which imitation of Europe would only weaken

"Third Section"

The secret police force during Nicholas I's reign who crushed the Decembrists' revolt and enforced Nicholas I's conservative policies; abolished by Alexander II in order to encourage more happiness among the people -- symbol of Westernizing in Russia

mir

assembly of the ancient peasant villages in Russia

Act of Emancipation

declared serfdom abolished and the peasants free, but did not eliminate all the issues surrounding inequality of the peasants

redemption money

paid by the serfs to the gentry for the land they received via the act of emancipation

zemstvos

created by an edict of 1864: a system of provincial and district councils that were elected by various means

nihilists

some dissatisfied intelligentsia of the 1860's; believed in nothing (except science) and took a cynical view of the reforming tsar and his zemstvos

Alexander Herzen

socialist who believed that the future of socialism was in Russia because capitalism was very weak there and a kind of collectivism was already established there

Bakunin

more radical than Herzen, an anarchist who called for terrorism against tsarist officials and liberals

People's Will

a secret terrorist society established with the goal to assassinate the tsar

Alexander III

son and successor of Alexander II; kept the zemstvos, judicial reforms and peasant emancipation of his father but stopped Russia from progressing towards modernity