Kinesiology 200 Final Study Guide for PTA Program

Hip flexion

Iliopsoas Femoral Nerve and Lumbar Plexus

Hip extension

Glute max Inferior Gluteal nerve

Hip ABD

Glute med Superior gluteal nerve

Hip ADD

Adductor magnus Obturator/ Sciatic Nerve

Hip ER

Piriformis sacral plexus

Hip IR

glute minimus superior gluteal nerve

Knee flexion

hamstrings, sciatic nerve

Knee extension

quads, femoral nerve

Pes anserine

sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus, provide medial stability

Plantarflexion

gastrocnemius tibial nerve

Dorsiflexion

tibialis anterior deep peroneal nerve

Inversion

tibialis anterior/posterior deep peroneal/ tibial nerve

Eversion

Fibularis longus/brevis superficial peroneal nerve

Toe flexion

2-5 digits flexor hallucis longus tibial nerve

Toe extension

2-5 digits extensor hallucis longus deep peroneal nerve

Hip dysplasia

when the femoral head slides superiorly without full dislocation of the hip

Congenital hip dislocation

unusually shallow acetabulum does not cover the femoral head adequately.

Legg-calve-Perthes disease

where the femoral head undergoes necrosis, usually between 5-10 yrs, happens over a period of 2-4 years of death, revascularized and remodeled

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

proximal epiphysis of the femur slips from its normal position, usually happens when children go through bone growth

Coxa valga

can contribute to congenital hip dislocation, over 125 degrees of angle of inclination

Coxa vara

less than 125 degrees of angle of inclination

OA

wear and tear, trauma, seen later in life, leads to THA, GROIN PAIN

Fx

falls and osteoporosis for older people, motor vehicle accidents for younger people

IT band syndrome

overuse injury causing lateral knee pain, among runners and cyclists, repeated friction of IT band over lateral femoral epicondyle

Trochanteric bursitis

acute trauma or overuse, among runners, cyclist, and people with leg length discrepancy, inflammation of bursa surrounding the greater trochanter

Hamstring strain

overload of muscle or attempting to contract a muscle too quickly, rapid acceleration sports

Hip pointer

severe bruise, direct trauma to the iliac crest

Genu valgum

caused by loss of MCL integrity, loss of medial meniscus, large Q angle

Genu varus

caused by loss of LCL integrity, loss of lateral meniscus

Patella tendonitis (jumpers' knee)

tenderness of the quad tendon between distal patella and tibial tuberosity, OVERUSE syndrome

Osgood Schlatter disease

inflammation of the epiphyseal growth plate of the tibial tuberosity, occurs during growth spurts, pain, OVERUSE syndrome

Patellofemoral pain syndrome

diffuse anterior knee pain of unknown cause

Chondromalacia patella

softening and degeneration of the cartilage on the posterior side of the patella, this causes abnormal tracking in the groove

Menisci tear

wear and tear injury, this can lead to OA, injury to MCL results in tear of medial meniscus

Prepatellar bursitis

inflammation of prepatellar bursae

Terrible triad

caused by a posterior blow to the knee in CKC, tears to ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus

Shin splints

pain along the medial aspect of the tibia, periosteum inflammation

Ankle sprains

lateral ligament is most injured

Avulsion fx

tendon pulls on bone and separates with bone and all

Achilles rupture/ tendonitis

Ankle fracture

lateral malleolus is commonly involved, bimalleolar and Tri malleolar

Equines foot/ calcaneal foot

equinus foot is fixed in plantarflexion, calcaneal is fixed in dorsiflexion

Pes cavus/ pes planus

Hallux valgus/ hallux rigidus

valgus-bunions

Hammer toe

PIP flexed, DIP extended

Mallet toe

IP extended, DIP flexed

Claw toe

PIP and DIP are both fixed

Metatarsalgia

general terms referring to pain at the metatarsal heads

Morton neuroma

abnormal pressure on the plantar digital nerves, pressure causes the nerve ending to enlarge, becoming compressed between the metatarsal heads

Turf toe

forced hyperextension of the MTP joint of the great toe

Plantar fasciitis

pain at the heel, increases with WB

Hip abduction

40-55, supine

Hip adduction

20-25, supine

Talocrural Dorsiflexion

15-20, sitting

Talocrural plantarflexion

45-55, sitting

Thomas test

pt holds one leg in flexion, and provider extends other leg, if other leg does not reach the table, it is + (iliopsoas contracture test)

FABER test

flex, abduct, ER the hip, stabilize other hip at ASIS, apply posterior force, + if pain (sacroiliac joint dysfunction)

Ober test

SL, bottom knee is flexed, upper knee is flexed initially and then straighten stabilizing at pelvis, + if pt legs does not lower beyond neutral (IT band, TFL contracture test)

Elys' test

checks for Rec Fem tightness, PRONE, flex the knee and watch the hip rise

Distal hamstring length test

supine, hip at 90 and then extend the knee, 31 degrees is considered normal

Craig's test

prone, knee at 90, palpate the greater trochanter and measure ER with goni where the greater trochanter is most laterally prominent, + 15 degrees or more indicating femoral anteversion, normal is 8-15 degrees

MCL stress test

knee at 30 degrees, checks for MCL integrity, + if gapping/pain

LCL stress test

20-30 degrees, check for LCL integrity, + if gapping/pain

Lachman's test

20 degrees, pull tibia upwards with thumb on tibial tuberosity, stabilizing at the femur, + if moved more than 2mm compared to other knee, + results in soft end feel

Posterior sag test

watch for tibial tuberosity sag, knees at 90, hips at 45

Anterior drawer test

knees at 90, hips at 45, pull on tibia with both hands, + if translated more than 5mm, compared to other knee, + results in soft end feel

McMurry's test

knee fully flexed, rotate tibia medially and then extend, then full flexion and rotate tibia laterally and then extend, + if popping/ pain

Clarkes test

contracting the quad against resistance at the patella from provider, + is pain or apprehension during quad contraction

Apley's compression

prone, knee at 90, pushing the heel down into the knee and rotating both ways, + with pain/ popping, + is relief with distraction

Q angle

mark ASIS, Patella, and tibial tuberosity and measure with goni, 14 for men, 17 for women

Anterior drawer test (ankle)

tests for ATFL integrity, supine with knee slightly flexed, pull talus forward

Talar tilt test

short sitting, push into plantarflexion then inversion

Syndesmosis squeeze test

squeeze tibia and fibula, more proximal pain= more severe injury

Thompson test

squeeze calf

Ottawa rules

1 palpate lateral and medial malleoli, start distally and go proximal, 2 palpate tenderness over the navicular or 5th metatarsal, 3 walk 4 consecutive steps.

Trunk flexion

rectus abs ventral rami

Trunk extension

erector spinae spinal nerves

Trunk lateral flexion

quadratus lumborum lumbar plexus

Trunk rotation

same side internal oblique, opposite side external oblique

Abdominal bracing

external/internal oblique ventral rami, transverse abs ventral rami

Facet joint orientation

T/s: ~ 60 degrees, primarily function in the frontal plane, favors side bending, synovial planer joints, triaxial: flexion/extension, lateral flexion, rotation

Lumbar spine orientation

L/s: ~ 90 degrees, primarily function in the sagittal plane, triaxial, synovial planer joints

Chronic poor posture

APT leads to increase lumbar lordosis, shorten hip flexors and trunk extensors, trunk flexors and hip extensors

Anterior pelvic tilt (APT)

leads to increase lumbar lordosis, shorten hip flexors and trunk extensors, trunk flexors and hip extensors

Posterior pelvic tilt (PPT)

leads to decreased lumbar lordosis, shorten trunk flexors and hip extensors, trunk extensors and hip flexors

Scoliosis

lateral curvature of the spine

Kyphosis

abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature of the spine

Lordosis

exaggerated inward curve of the lumbar spine

Spinal stenosis

narrowing of the vertebral canal

Herniated disk/sciatica

weakness or deterioration in the annulus fibrosus, pain descending posterior thigh and leg along path of sciatic nerve

Osteoporosis

loss of bone structure resulting in weakening and vulnerability

Compression fracture

compressive force leads to collapse of vertebral body

Thoracolumbar flexion with inclinometer

60 degrees, one at T1 and S2

Extension with inclinometer

25 degrees, one at T1 and S2

Lateral flexion

18-38 degrees

Rotation

45 degrees, top of head, following tip of nose

Sit to stand functional ROM

35 degrees

Putting on a sock functional ROM

56 degrees

Pick up an object from the floor functional ROM

60 degrees

Trunk flexion MMT

supine, hand behind head, scap needs to clear the table