Organic Chem Carbohydrates

Anatomy ch. 2

Organic Chemistry

The study of compounds containing carbon

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

compounds containing carbon

hydroxyl, methyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate

Functional groups of carbon

Macromolecules

large organic molecules with high molecular weights

polymerization

joining of monomers

Dehydration Synthesis

causes polymerization removes a hydroxyl group from monomer and a hydrogen group from another creating water

hydrolysis

splitting of polymer into monomers with the addition of water

carbohydrates

hydrophilic molecules with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen; in the form of sugars and starches

monosaccharides

simplest carbohydrates

Disaccharides

sugars made of 2 covalently bonded monosaccharides

types of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

types of disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

sucrose

table sugar; glucose+ fructose

lactose

milk sugar; glucose + galactose

Maltose

sugar in grain products; glucose+ glucose

oligosaccharides

short chains of 3+ monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

long chains of monosaccharides; 50+

types of polysaccharides

glycogen, starch, cellulose

glycogen

energy storage in cells of the liver, vagina, uterus, muscles, and brain

starch

energy storage digestible by humans

cellulose

structural molecule in plats important for human dietary fiber but not digestible

functions of carbohydrates

quickly mobilized source of energy, oxidized to make ATP, bound to lipids and proteins

Glycoprotein

glucose attached to proteins

glycolipid

glucose attached to lipids

proteoglycans

more carbohydrate than protein