Unit 6 Vocabulary

Agricultural Revolution

Refers to the modernization of farming techniques and technologies, leading to increased crop yields and improved diet and health of the population.

Capital

Money used for investment.

Entrepreneurs

Individuals who organize and operate businesses.

Hydropower

Energy generated by the flow of water.

Textile

Pertaining to cloth or the production of cloth.

Cottage industry

Production of goods in private homes to raise additional income.

Spinning jenny

One of the first industrial machines that sped up textile production and started the Industrial Revolution.

Steam engine

Invention by James Watt that generated artificial power and made the Industrial Revolution possible.

Claremont

Robert Fulton's first successful steam-powered boat.

Rocket

George Stephenson's award-winning steam-powered railroad.

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

System of standardized world time dividing the globe into 24 time zones.

Factory System

New system of producing goods using powered machinery in factories, leading to the decline of cottage industry.

"Iron law of wages"

Concept by David Ricardo stating that workers' wages are determined by supply and demand.

Great Exhibition (aka crystal palace)

The world's first World's Fair held in 1851, showcasing inventions and products from different nations.

Irish Potato Famine (aka The Great Hunger)

Devastating famine in Ireland caused by a potato crop failure, resulting in mass hunger and political instability.

Corn Laws

Tariffs on imported grains in Britain, keeping bread prices high for urban workers.

Tenement

Overcrowded and run-down apartment building, typically found in poorer neighborhoods.

Cholera

Bacterial disease caused by contaminated water.

Typhoid

Bacterial disease caused by contaminated water.

Tuberculosis (aka TB)

Highly contagious bacterial infection affecting the lungs, prevalent in overcrowded cities of the 19th century.

Sanitation system

Complex system of pipes supplying clean water and removing waste.

Metropolitan Police of London (aka Bobbie’s)

Modern urban police force organized by Sir Robert Peel to improve public safety in London.

Factory Acts

Laws passed in Britain to improve working conditions and hours for children and women in factories.

Mine Acts

Laws banning the use of women, girls, and boys under 10 in the mining industry.

Exploitation

Treating someone unfairly to benefit from their labor.

Labor unions

Organized associations of workers formed to protect and advance their rights.

Combination Act

British law banning labor unions and collective bargaining.

Strike

Labor protest where employees refuse to work to force management to meet their demands.

Luddites

British workers who smashed factory machinery as a form of labor protest or anyone afraid of technology.

Bourgeoisie

Urban middle and upper classes, often seen as oppressors by Karl Marx.

Proletariat

Urban working class, oppressed class according to Karl Marx.

Great Reform Bill of 1832

Law granting voting rights to urban, middle-class men in Britain.

Franchise

Power to vote.

Suffrage

Power to vote.

Domestics

People, usually women, employed as maids, cooks, and laundresses in homes.

Universal manhood suffrage

Political term granting all adult men the right to vote.

People's Charter

National petition in Britain demanding universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, and salaries for members of Parliament.

Abolition

Political and social movement to end the slave trade and human slavery worldwide.

Congress of Vienna

Diplomatic event aiming to restore European order after Napoleon's defeat.

Prince Metternich

Austrian Foreign Minister and Chancellor who dominated European international politics after the Congress of Vienna.

Restoration

Act of returning a monarch, government, or control of a previous regime.

Legitimacy

Legal, rightful, or appropriate status.

Balance-of-power

European diplomatic goal to prevent any single nation from dominating the continent.

Troppau Protocol

Diplomatic agreement pledging military assistance to European governments threatened by revolution, opposed by Britain.

Ideology

Ideas and ideals forming the basis of economic and political goals.

Conservatism

Political ideology supporting free-enterprise, private property, and traditional social values.

Liberalism

Political ideology supporting personal liberty, individual rights, and equality before the law.

"The government that governs best, governs least."

Phrase summarizing the philosophy of liberalism by John Stuart Mill.

Free trade

Economic policy advocating for unrestricted international trade.

Capitalism

Economic system where businesses are controlled by private companies and individuals.

Socialism

Economic theory supporting state

Subjugate

To bring someone or something under domination or control,

especially by conquest.

Utopian Socialism

A branch of socialism that advocated the formation of small, idealistic

communities that focused on communal living around a specific

business.

New Lanark

A large textile factory community in Scotland that was turned into a

model Utopian Socialist experiment by Robert Owen. Owen built good

worker housing, schools for the town’s children, and paid fair wages.

July Monarchy

The nickname for the reign of the French monarch, King Louis

Philippe. It lasted from the July Revolution in 1830 until the Revolution

of 1848.

Provisional Government

A temporary government set up after the overthrow of Louis Philippe in

February 1848. It lasted until June 1848.

- A term applied to any interim government set up to temporarily keep a

state functioning until a new permanent regime can be formed.

National Workshops

An employment program established by the French Second Republic

in February 1848. It guaranteed work for any unemployed laborer who

could prove residence in Paris. It was designed by the socialist, Louis

Blanc.

June Days

This was a violent uprising from June 22 – June 26, 1848 when

Parisian proletarians battled the French Army. Workers were angry at

the closure of the National Workshops. Over 10,000 were killed.

French Second Republic

Term for the government that administered France from the fall of

Louis Philippe to the beginning of the Second Empire.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

The nephew of Napoleon, he was elected president of the Second

Republic and in 1852 he reestablished his uncle’s Empire as the

“Second Empire.”

Second Empire

Term for the government that administered France under the reign of

Emperor Napoleon III. It was an authoritarian state that experienced

many successes, but was destroyed by military defeat.

autonomy

self-government for a region

Magyar

A synonym for Hungarian.

reactionary

A philosophy that opposes any political or social reforms.

Diet of Frankfurt

A German nationalist meeting that gathered in hopes of forming a

unified German state. It ended in failure.

Kleindeutsch

The “Small German” faction at the Diet of Frankfurt. They favored the

creation of a unified Germany under Prussian dominance and the

exclusion of Austria.

Grossdeutsch

The “Big German” faction at the Diet of Frankfurt. They favored the

creation of a unified Germany under Austrian dominance.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist leader who led the decades long effort for the

creation of a unified Italian state.

Young Italy

The Italian nationalist movement led by Mazzini. By 1848 it had over

50,000 members all over the Italian peninsula.

Carboneri

It was a secret network of Italian nationalist groups that loosely

cooperated in an effort to unify Italy.

Romanticism

A major European art movement that flourished between the 1790’s

and the 1830’s. Focused on injecting passion and

emotion into their art, music, and writings.