US History Regents Review

Triangular Trade

Led directly to the increase in the importation of enslaved Africans to the Western Hemisphere

Merchantilism

Economic policy used by the British in which the colonies served as a source of raw materials and a market to sell goods to.

Salutary Neglect

Period of time when the British ignored the colonists because they only wanted the economic prosperity

Virginia House of Burgesses/Mayflower Compact/Town Hall

Early forms of colonial efforts in self government, contributed to a representative democracy

French and Indian War

Caused by land claims in the Ohio River valley, led to a period of salutary neglect, British increased taxes on the colonies to pay for this

Albany Plan of Union

Attempt to unify the colonists together under British rule, Didn't work because colonists wanted to keep their power

Declaration of Independence

List of grievances against the monarchy in Britain

Thomas Paine "Common Sense"

Helped persuade colonists to join the fight for independence, convinced many who were undecided

Sugar and Stamp Act

Tax on foreign goods and printed materials helped cause the Revolutionary War

Proclamation Line of 1763

border established by Great Britain in order to avoid conflict between the American colonists and Native Americans

Articles of Confederation

First government after the Revolutionary War, failed because the states were too powerful and the national government was too weak

Shay's Rebellion

Convinced many Americans they needed a stronger national government

Great Compromise

Disputes over representation in government, decided to have a two house legislature, with both equal and population based representation

Small States

Supported equal representation

Large States

Supported population based representation

Bicameral

Two House Legislature

Three-Fifths Compromise

Solution to the problem of how to determine the number of representatives in the House of Rep for states with large slave populations

Federalists

Supported ratification of the Constitution, wanted strong national government

Antifederalists

Supported ratification of the Constitution, ONLY if they added the Bill of Rights, were afraid that the fed government would be too powerful (like Britain)

Bill of Rights

first 10 amendments to protect the people from government abuse

Social Contract Theory

John Locke's idea of people deciding which government/consent of the governed

John Peter Zenger

Arrested by the governor of NY, because he printed an article about the governor, expanded freedom of the press

Democracy

Government for the people by the people of the people

Republican Government

Representatives are elected by the people

Federalism

Division of powers between the national and state government

Reserved Powers

Powers granted only to the state governments (Example: education, traffic laws, etc)

Delegated Powers

Powers granted only to the federal governments (Example:declare war, coin money, etc)

Concurrent Powers

Powers granted to both the federal and state governments (Example: taxes)

Legislative Branch

Congress, House of representatives and Senate, Bicameral, law making branch

Executive Branch

President and his cabinet, chief of the legislator, executive, and diplomat

Judicial Branch

Federal and Supreme Court, declares federal laws or actions constitutional or unconstitutional

Checks and Balances

Three branches of the government, makes sure one branch does not get more powerful than another

Flexibility

Amendments, elastic clause, necessary and proper clause, unwritten constitution, and judicial review all allow for adaption of the times

Elastic Clause

Used to broaden powers of congress, allowing them to pass more laws

Unwritten Constitution

Practices based on customs and traditions but not actually appearing in the Constitution (example: cabinet, political parties, congressional committees)

Electoral College

method of electing the president, not popular vote

Proclamation of Neutrality/Farewell Address

Issued by George Washington in order to isolate the US from Europe and keep it independent

Alexander Hamilton

proposed the national bank, used a loose interpretation of the Constitution to justify this

Thomas Jefferson

Opposed Hamilton's plan, believed in a strict interpretation until he was president...and purchased the Louisiana Territory

Louisiana Territory

Doubled the size of the US, treaty with France

John Marshal/Marbury v Madison

Expanded the power of the judicial branch, gave the courts the right to declare laws or actions constitutional or unconstitutional

War of 1812

Increased a sense of American Nationalism, gave us an identity

Monroe Doctrine

Foreign policy intended to limit the European influence in the western hemisphere

Roosevelt Corollary

US can intervene in the Western Hemisphere and police it actively if need be

Spoils System

Providing jobs to friends, supporters, or family, corrected by the Civil Service examination

Worcester v. Georgia

Ruled in favor of Native Americans who were being forced to move from Georgia, but Andrew Jackson did not enforce this ruling

Erie Canal

Beneficial waterway which connected the Midwest to the Atlantic coast increasing trade, manufacture, and growth

Homestead Act of 1862

provided free land to settlers for moving out west, directly impacted the Great Plains

Pacific Railway Act of 1862

Federal government encourage the building of the transcontinental RR giving land to the RR companies

Manifest Destiny

US should possess the entire continent, from sea to shining sea!

Abolistionists

People who opposed and fought against slavery, they were radicals of their time

Examples of Abolitionists

William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Tubman, Harriet Beecher Stowe

James Polk

Goal was fulfilling manifest destiny, policies involved texas, california, and oregon territory

Missouri Compromise

Missouri would be a slave state, Maine would enter as a free state, meant to keep the balance between slave and free states even

Compromise of 1850

California entered as a free state, Fugitive Slave Act was passed

Fugitive Slave Act

Free states had to return run away slaves to the owners if they were caught

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Established popular sovereignty for the territories when determining slave or free

Dred Scott v Sanford

Decision which ruled that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories, and that slaves were not citizens

Plantations

Developed in the South because of the use of slave labor and the rich soil, southern coastal plains

Bleeding Kansas

Phrase used to describe the clash between the proslavery and antislavery groups

Abraham Lincoln

Wanted to preserve the Union

Wartime powers

Lincoln suspended habeas corpus, jailed anti-Union supporters, increased the army without consent of congress, censored papers, etc.

Reasons for Succession of the South

Sectionalism, states rights, breakdown of the Compromises, Lincoln's election

Emancipation Proclaimation

Declared slaves free, in areas rebelling from the Union. Was criticized for not freeing all slaves, and not being able to be enforced

Reasons the North won the Civil War

Economically prepared, more human resources, war material, and better communication

13th Amendment

Banned slavery

15th Amendment

Expanded the right to vote to male African Americans

Reconstruction

Period after the Civil War meant to rebuild the South

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan's

Restore the south back into the Union as quickly as possible, no punishments

Radical Republicans

Wanted to punish the south, opposed Lincoln's Plans, pushed the 13th to 15th Amendment

Solid South

Nickname given to the South since they consistently supported democratic

Impeachment of Johnson

Because he would not work with the radical republican in Congress they moved to get rid of him

Jim Crow Laws

Segregation laws based on race

Poll Taxes, Grandfather Clause, Literacy Tests

Meant to restrict African American's right to vote

Plessy v. Ferguson

Separate but equal was constitutional

Black Codes KKK

Attempt to restrict the rights of former slaves and limit the effectiveness of the 14th and 15th amendments

Sharecropping

System of farming most common in Southern States after the Civil War, supported the plantations after 13th amendment was passed

New South

term describes changes in the Southern economy after Civil War, more industrial development

Carpetbagger

Northerners who moved down South to participate in reconstruction governments

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Extra supply of capital and labor, completion of transportation routes like the Erie Canal, and Transcontinental RR, Civil War, power machines, mechanization of agriculture

Tariff

Tax

Monpoly

Businesses who sought to eliminate all competition from that specific industry (ex: oil, steel, RR)

Social Darwinism/Laissez-faire Capitalism

Survival of the fittest apply to business, justified monopolies

Robber Baron

Ruthless tactics when dealing with competitors

Examples of Robber Barons

John D Rockefeller, JP Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt

Jacob Riis

Wrote How the Other Half Lives, exposes the living conditions of urban slums

Upton Sinclair

Wrote the Jungle and exposed the meat packing industry

Ida Tarbell

Wrote History of Standard Oil exposing the corruption of the oil industry and its influence in all aspects of government

Examples of Muckrakers

Jacob Rii, Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Stephens

Old Immigration

North and western Europe, mostly British colonies/Britain, needed for labor in cities 1800-1850

New Immigration

Eastern and Southern Europe, Asia, not wanted, afraid would take jobs, 1850-1920

Chinese Exclusion Act

Limited the amount of Chinese immigrants entering the US

Nativism

Group of Americans who were angry about the immigrants taking jobs from Americans wanted quotas or limits on immigration

Sherman Antitrust Act

Law passed in an attempt to limit the power of monopolies

Gibbons v. Ogden

Regulated interstate commerce, business between the different states

Federal Reserve System

Provided a stable supply of money and credit

Graduated/Progressive Income Tax

Authorized by the 16th Amendment, based on the idea people with higher incomes should pay a greater percentage of their income in taxes

Progressive Movement

Meant to correct the economic, social, and political abuses of the industrialized society

Populist Party

were unable to get anyone elected however influenced laws such as direct election of senators and graduated income tax

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators