component 1 classic research

Loftus and palmer methodology

research method used was 2 lab experiments

Experimental design was independent groups

in group 1 experiment: 5 groups of 9

group 2: 3 groups of 150

Loftus and Palmer procedures

Group 1 experiment: participants made to watch 7 5-30 film of car crashes

then made to fill in questionnaire and were asked critical question

9 particpants were asked how fast he cars going when they hit

the remaining participants were divided equally into 9 groups and the verb hit was changed into smash collided bumped contacted

particpants estimate of speed were given

group 2: 150 American uni students made to watch short films less than a minute of car crashes

participants given questionnaire

50 particpants were asked how fast the cars were going when they smashed/hit another 50 not asked

1 week later asked if they seen broken glass. There was no broken glass

Each group was given a different verb

Loftus and palmer findings

Found that the singular verb could change participants answer therefore, leading questions can distort memory

Average speed given by participants for each verb: smashed= 40.8, collided= 39.3, bumped= 38.1, contacted= 34, hit= 31.8

experiment 2: When asked if there was broken glass,

in smashed group: 16 said yes 34 said no

hit: 7 said yes 43 said no

control: 6 yes 44 no

Loftus and Palmer conclusion

Concluded that the manipulation of a singular verb could alter memory and alter someones recollection of events

However, may be response bias: if someone was unsure of picking between 30 mph and 40mph, the verb smashed could bias them to choosing 40 mph

on the other hand, genuine memory distortion may be present. verb could have altered perception causing them to see carsh as less or more serious depending on verb

myers and diener methodology

Literature review- reviewed multiple studies from the 1980s to the 1990s on happiness

findings from study are secondary research as they did not conduct the research

reviewed multiple pieces of research carried out on happiness and well being

myers and Diener procedures

used literature review process: select a topic, search literature, develop arguement, survey literature, critique literature, write review

used self report methods such as subjective well being methods

interviewing people and asking them, “How satisfied are you with your life?”

observations: where people report what they are doing or thinking at a particular time

correlations and meta analyses- researchers calculated what factors co varied with subjective well being through correlations

myers and diener findings

found that factors such as: age, gender, race, money did not contribute to happiness

found that factors such as: culture, traits, relationships, religion contributed to happiness

conclusions

high swb has been associated with having ambitions and goals. Understanding happiness is important to enhance human well being

a viable theory in happiness must acknowledge the importance of adaptation

cannot determine how happy someone is based on their race, gender, sex, income

more informative to look at traits, culture, faith, engaged work

having non conflicting goals and making ample progress in them is a sign of swb.

This new study appears to be more effective than previous studies. By asking who is happy we can urge people to refocus their priorities.

component of psychosurgey deep brain stimulation

involves implanting electrodes into specific areas

sends electrical impulses to regulate abnormal brain activity

considered reversible and less invasive

psychosurgery effectiveness

P- New breakthroughs in psychosurgery have lead to ethically superior and non invasive forms of treatment such as transcranial magnetic stimulation

E- It has an estimated 1:30000 seizure risk and extremely low risk of adverse side effects

E- This contrasts early psychosurgery as it had a 6% fatality rate and were unpredictable due to side effects

L- Therefore, psychosurgery is now seen as effective as it is ethically superior due to it having low seizure risk and other side effects

psychosurgery ethics

P- A disadvantage of the ethics of psychosurgery is that there may be a lack of informed consent

E- this is because individuals who receive cingulotomies are often at extreme spectrum of mental illness

E- this is an ethical concern because they may not be fully aware of the procedure and may not know they are undergoing procedures which lead to adverse side effects

L- There fore it may be argued that forms of psychosurgery are not ethical as they use participants who may not be fully aware of procedure and can not give full informed consent.

psychosurgery effectiveness

P- however, the issue remains that 44% of OCD patients render it ineffective

E- Eilleen Davie had irreversible brain damage and attained negative personality changes due to psychosurgery.

E- This suggest psychosurgery is not as effective as other therapies like drug therapy as side effects are not permanent and are effective

ethical

P- this provides an ethical concern as it may cause psychological harm when the treatment is ineffective

E- Mary Lou demonstrates bilateral cingulotomy not treating OCD but causing irreversible brain damage

E- this mirrors the case with Eileen Davie where irreversible brain damage and negative personality changes were attained because of psychosurgery

L- therefore, it is an ethical concern as it may lead to psychological harm due to it being ineefective

dream analysis effectiveness

P- an advantage of dream analysis is that it is said to be effective in the treatment of disorders such as depression and anxiety

E- Matt and Navarro 1993 conducted 63 meta analyses on the effect of psychotherapy and found that 75% of patients undergoing dream analysis showed improvement. Schredl et al 200 found in a survey of a private practice that 70% of patients reported benefits from dream analysis

E- This shows its effectiveness as it uncovers the root of disorders in contrast to CBT and SD.

L- Therefore, dream analysis is effective as it can treat disorders such as depression and anxiety

effectiveness

P- A disadvantage of the effectiveness of dream anlalysis is that there is a lack of scientific evidence on it.

E- Hobson and Mcarley 1997 suggest that dreams are nothing but a command sent from the brain and a form of thinking that happens while we are a sleep.

E-This questions Freuds suggestion that dreams are the unconscious fulfilment of desires. As dream analysis cant be scientifically validated, it is difficult to support Freuds suggestion.

L- Dream analysis cannot be validated, therefore it is difficult to support Freuds assertion.

dream analysis ethics disadvantage

P- A dis advantage is that The process of dream analysis may lead to a risk of stress, anxiety or humiliation to participant

E- Traumatic or embarrassing dreams may lead to the participant feeling ashamed or negative emotions such as fear whilst retelling the manifest content of the dream

E- The therapist may guide the client to an interpretation of the dream that is emotionally distressing as it may uncover past traumatic events.

L- It is important he therapist uncovers and tries to understand the participants manifest content of the dream to avoid the risk of psychological harm or distress.

ethics disadvantage

P- Dream analysis is unethical

E- Many studies are conducted on humans and animals deprived of sleep

E- This causes extreme disruption to biological function such as secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters. This suggests that the therapy is inherently flawed as for it to improve it must cause harm

L- Therefore dream analysis is unethical as it often uses sleep deprived animals or humans.

systematic desensitisation

In vivo: refers to the person being in the presence of an object or image that would induce fear

In vitro: person learning to relax while imagining the presence of a feared object

Behaviourists believe that all behaviour is learned, therefore they believe that exposure techniques with their phobias and working up the hierarchy of fears, in conjunction with relaxation techniques to produce reciprocal inhibition

SD effectiveness advantage

P- An advantage of the effectiveness of systematic desensitisation is that it proves to be effective in treatment of phobias

E- Rothbaum et al conducted research where people with aerophobia received SD and compared results against a control group. Found that 93% of people had lower levels of anxiety compared to the control group. This persisted for 6 months

E- This demonstrates the short term and long term benefits of SD

L- SD proves to be effective in treating phobias as not only is it beneficial in the short term but long term aswell.

disadvantage

P- However it could be argued that it is not effective

E- 7% of participants did not find this effective

E- if the research were to be expanded to the population of the UK, considering roughly 168,000 to 336,000, 11,700 of people would still feel so fearful of flights

E- Therefore, the effectiveness of SD could be questioned as it is not 100% effective.

disadvantage

P- SD may be ineffective against some phobias

E- This is because it universally does not counter condition all phobias, especially those that have not been evolved from personal experiences via classical conditioning

E- a fear of heights that does not result from injury or traumatic event, may be untreatable with SD. These phobias have been developed evolutionarily and have been hardwired

L- some phobias may have been developed evolutionarily and the use of SD has no effect of counter conditioning them.

Ethics

P- No issue with informed consent

E- Phobia is far less likely to impair a person’s ability to consent, unlike extreme psychological disorders such as schizophrenia.

E- This means that clients consenting to fully participate in SD are fully aware of the procedures

L- therefore, SD is seen as ethical as it does not take a toll on someone’s ability to consent.

ethics

P- some may suggest that SD is seen as unethical as it causes psychological harm however there are two main points to counter argue this

E- the creation of fear hierarchy allows the client to feel comfortable with progressing through. Moreover, the client-lead nature means that the client only goes up the ladder if they feel comfortable to

L- It is seen as ethical as the client can remain comfortable throughout the therapy.

CBT effectiveness

P- CBT is seen to be effective in treating anxiety and depression

E- Cahill et al 2003 found at the end of a therapy of 12-20 sessions, 71% who completed their sessions experienced significant reduction in symptoms

E- This is a vast majority and shows how effective it can be in treating anxiety related disorders.

L- therefore, CBT is seen as effective as it can reduce symptoms in dsorders such as depression.

effectiveness

P- a disadvantage of the effectiveness and the ethics of CBT is that it is dependant on the professional

E- Kuyken and Tsivikos 2009 suggested that 15% of the effectiveness may be due to the competance of the therapist.

E- This suggests that it is very much on their control and the quality of the therapy will differ depending on the therapist. Moreover, this is an ethical concern as it may cause psychological harm if the therapy is ineefective

Effectiveness

blame is placed on client

not compatible for extreme personality disorders

not every one is able to use CBT

Tripartite personality

the selfish urges driven by the pleasure principle can explain why someone might persue someone they find attractive and spend time with them

the rational ego driven by the reality principle can explain why someone may give time for someone

the superego driven by the morality principle can explain why someone may put effort into someone even though it might be easier to just walk away

CBT ethics

Watson and Rayner methodology

method used: controlled observation

Participant used: Little Albert

healthy child with no complications

experimental design: independent measures

IV: stimuli presnted

DV:whether he was scared

procedures

collected via opportunity sampling, his mother worked where the research was carried out

emotional tests: took place at 9 months old

shown the stimuli: white rat, rabbit, monkey, dog, masks with without hair, cotton wool, newspaper

recored via a motion picture camera

steel bar was struck behind Alberts head 3 times in a row

at 11 months, white rat presnted, Alberts hand touched it and bar was struck

at 11 months 10 days: Rat placed without sound

played with wooden blocks while rat was placed nearer to him