AP Psych Unit 7- Motivation/Emotion/Personality (Myers Psychology for AP 3e)

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 578)

psychodynamic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 578)

psychoanalysis

(1) Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. (2) Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 578, 723)

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 579)

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 580)

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 580)

superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 580)

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 581)

fixation

(1) in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving. (2) in personality theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 371, 581)

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 581)

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 355, 581)

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 584)

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 584)

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 405, 591)

humanistic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 591)

self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 591)

self-transcendence

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 591)

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 592, 726)

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?" (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 515, 592)

trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 596)

personality inventory

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 598)

social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 606)

behavioral approach

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 606)

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 606)

self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 611)

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 611)

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 612)

self-efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 612)

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 614)

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 427, 615)

individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 616)

collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 616)

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 402)

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 402)

physiological need

a basic bodily requirement. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 403)

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 403)

homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 403)

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 403)

Yerkes-Dodson law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 404)

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 409)

affiliation

need the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 423)

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 428)

grit

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 429, 629)

James-Lange theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus S arousal S emotion. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 433)

emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 433)

Cannon-Bard theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 433)

two-factor theory

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 434)

facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 447)

behavior feedback

effect the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 448)

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 450)

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 454)

tend-and-befriend response

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend). (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 455)

health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 456)

coronary heart disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 459)

Type A

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 459)

Type B

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 459)

catharsis

in psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 460)

mindfulness meditation

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 470)

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people's tendency to be helpful when in a good mood. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 473)

positive psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 16, 473)

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 473)

adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 476)

relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 476)

Problem focused coping

targets the causes of stress in practical ways which tackles the problem or stressful situation that is causing stress, consequently directly reducing the stress /strategies aim to remove or reduce the cause of the stressor, including: Problem-solving. Time-management.

denial

not accepting the truth; refusing to accept the reality of something bad or upsetting

rationalization

coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence

displacement

redirecting one's feelings toward another person or object, typically to someone or something less threatening than the source of the emotion

reaction formation

expressing the opposite of how one truly feels; act contrary to true feelings in order to keep feelings hidden

Sublimation

channeling one's frustration toward socially acceptable behavior (like aggressive impulses in contact sports)

projection

dealing with unacceptable impulses by projecting them outward toward other people; seeing your own faults in other people (such as hostile people, unable to see themselves as hostile, accusing other people of hostility)

regression

returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior

Big 5 (Ocean)

a theory in psychology that identifies five broad dimensions used by some psychologists to describe the human personality and psyche. These are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism

Factor Analysis

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlies one's total score.

extrinsic motivation

type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.

intrinsic motivation

type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.

Lewin's motivational conflicts theory

when faced with a decision, individuals experience internal conflict depending on whether the options are desirable or undesirable, categorized into three types: approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance.

Eustress

the effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being

Distress

the effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors

pituitary gland

the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 96)

leptin

hormone that communicates to the brain the amount of body fat stored and regulates food intake. Regulates hunger by providing a feeling of satiety or increases hunger when body fat is reduced.

Ghrelin

hormone that stimulates appetite and the release of growth hormone.

hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

a situation where a person must choose between two equally undesirable options

Approach-approach

a situation where someone must choose between two equally desirable options

Approach-avoidance

a psychological situation where a person is faced with a single goal or option that has both desirable and undesirable aspect

optimal arousal theory

(based on Yerkes Dodson): Too much or too little arousal worsens performance

Self-determination theory

All humans have three basic psychological needs that underlie growth and development: Autonomy, Competence, and

Relatedness

Broaden-and-build theory of emotion

describes how positive emotions can help to expand our ability to cope with negative emotions.

Universality of emotions

refers to the theory that a set of basic emotions like happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust are recognized and expressed through facial expressions similarly across different cultures, suggesting a l understanding of these emotions regardless of cultural background.

Display rules

the social norms within a culture that dictate how emotions should be expressed, essentially defining when and how it is appropriate to show certain emotions in different situations, which can vary greatly between cultures.

Emotion focused coping

a coping strategy where an individual tries to manage and regulate their emotional response to a stressful situation, rather than attempting to directly change the stressful situation itselg