Bio Genetic Testing

An) __ is an inherited feature that varies from individual to individual.

character

An) __ is one particular variation of a character.

trait

Most human genes come in alternate versions called ____

alleles

If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is expressed in the organism is called the ___ allele.

dominant

It an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is not expressed in the organism is called the ___ allele.

recessive

The physical traits of an organism are called its ___

phenotype

The ____ is the genetic makeup of an organism.

genotype

A __ symbol is used to represent females in a pedigree.

circle

An individual that expresses a trait is shown as a ___symbol.

colored

Individuals in the oldest generation are shown in the______of a pedigree.

top row

The inheritance pattern for red-green color blindness is-different for males compared to females. Red-green color blindness is much more common in males than in females.

What does this suggest about the gene for red-green color blindness?

This is an example of pleiotropy.

The gene for this trait is located on the X sex chromosome.

The gene for this trait is located on theY chromosome.

Males do not express this trait unless they inherit two copies of the red-green color blindness allele, while females express this trait even if they have inherited only one copy of the color blindness allele.

The gene for this trait is located on the X sex chromosome.

___is the first step of gene expression, during which a particular segment of DNA is converted into RNA

Transcription

___ is the process in which mRNA codons are converted into an amino acid sequence.

Translation

A __ is made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, attached to one another in long chains.

protein

The principal role of ____is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA out of the nucleus for the synthesis of proteins.

RNA

____is a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell, shaped like a double helix, and associated with the transmission of genetic information.

DNA

A ___ serves as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

ribosome

Which of the following mutations is LEAST likely to result in harmful changes to cellular proteins?

Frameshift mutations

Missense mutation

Nonsense mutations

Silent mutation

Silent mutation

How would you describe the current status of gene therapy research?

Gene therapy research is currently on hold until serious safety concerns can be resolved.

Gene therapy has had limited success in a few cases. However, there is still a long way to go before gene therapy is deemed safe and effective enough for widespread use in curing genetic diseases.

Gene therapy has been proven safe, effective, and ethically justifiable for use in routine medical procedures.

To date, there has been much research but no actual cases of effective gene therapy in humans.

Gene therapy has had limited success in a few cases. However, there is still a long way to go before gene therapy is deemed safe and effective enough for widespread use in curing genetic diseases.

Assuming complete dominance, what is the expected ratio of phenotypes of the offspring following the cross of two heterozygotes?

1:1

1:2:1

4:1

3:1

3:1

Genes are located on

the cytoplasm

mitosis

the centromere

chromosomes

chromosomes