Unit 2

Charles Spearman’s g factor

intelligence is composed of two types of factors (general mental ability factor and numerous specific factors unique to each test.

factor analysis

Spearman developed what to support his theory?

factor analysis

determine the distance of underlying relationships between sets of variables including test scores.

exploratory and confirmatory

types of factor analysis

exploratory factor analysis

explores the number of factors present in the data or which items load on which factors.

confirmatory factor analysis

intended to confirm exploratory findings—>that test scores and variables fit certain patterns.

Cattell-Horn--Carroll Theory

three hierarchical stratums that represent (g—>fluid vs. crystalized intelligence—>more narrow abilities.

Fluid Intelligence

less culturally bond, it is the ability to think critically when no correct answer.

Crystallized intelligence

ability that increases with age, it is one’s accumulation of knowledge.

Stratum III

General Intelligence

Stratum II

Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence

Stratum I

more narrow abilities.

Gardner Theory of Multiple Intelligences

argues the existence of seven relatively independent human intelligence.

linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal

7 kinds of intelligence for Gardner.

naturalistic, spiritual, and existential

the three additional tentative candidates for consideration for Gardner.

95%

Approximately what percent of all intellectual assessments conducted in the in the U.S. are the six major intelligence tests?

0.8 to 0.9

How well do two mainstream intelligences instruments usually correlate?

IQ=mental age/chronological age

Stanford-Binet IQ

IQ=attained score/expected mean score for age

Wechsler IQ

David Wechsler

Sought to devise an intelligence instrument suitable for testing diverse adult patients in a psychiatric division.

Similarities Subtest

examinee asked how two items are alike. Test the ability to distinguish between important unimportant resemblances. 

Vocabulary Subtest

asked to define words of increasing difficulty.

Vocabulary

What is the best subtest to measure overall intelligence?

Symbol Search

after being shown two target figures search a set of 5 additional figures and determine whether the target figures appear.

Digit Symbol Coding

tasked with copying as many symbols as possible. Measures ability to learn an unfamiliar task, visual motor ability, and speed of processing. 

Block Desgin

examinee must reproduce two dimensional geometric designs by proper rotation and placement of three dimensional colored blocks.

Matrix reasoning

examinee must identify a recurring pattern or relationship between figures, and correctly select the last, missing figure based on the pattern.

Verbal Comprehension Index

a more direct measure of verbal abilities it measures verbal comprehension, knowledge, ability to express ideas in words, meanings, etc.

Working Memory Index

specific to attention and immediate memory with an emphasis on orally presented material. 

Perceptual Reasoning Index

a preferred measure of performance, it measures nonverbal thinking and reasoning, applying visual spatial and visual motor skills.

Processing Speed Index

measures response speed and is sensitive to a wide variety of neurological and neuropsychological conditions.

similarities, vocabulary, information

What is VCI composed of?

digit span, arithmetic, letter-number sequencing

What is WMI composed of?

block design, matrix reasoning, visual patterns

What is PRI composed of?

symbol search, digit symbol coding

What is PSI composed of?

matrix reasoning, figure weights

Fluid Reasoning Index includes what? 

block design, visual puzzles

Visual Spatial Index includes what?

1949

When was the WISC first published?

6 to 16 years

What age range is the WISC for?

deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning

What is required to diagnosis intellectual disability.

70 +- 5

What IQ do you need to classify for an intellectual disability?

Scales of Independent Behavior Revised

Includes 259 adaptive behavior items across 14 sub scales. 

Inventory for Client and Agency Planning

One of the most widely used tests in developmental disabilities and foundations to the allocation of services it is 9 scales including primary and additional diagnoses, residential supports, and school/vocational supports.

0 to 100

Overall Service Score Range

achievement and aptitude

two major types of group tests

Achievement tests

assess current skill attainment in relation to the goals of school and training programs. 

Aptitude Tests

measure a few similar segments of ability and are designed to predict future performance.

answer format, scoring, administration, use, and norm group size

5 major differences between individual and group tests.

SAT

original purpose was to introduce law and order into an educational anarchy which towards the close of the nineteenth century had become exasperating, indeed almost intolerable, to schoolmasters.

1926

When does the SAT date back to? 

Reading/writing and math

2 sections fo SAT

0.91 to 0.93

Internal Consistency of SAT

0.87 to 0.89

test re-test reliability of SAT

1959

When was ACT first administrated? 

English, mathematics, reading, science reasoning

4 subtests of ACT

0.9

Correlation of ACT and SAT

0.6

ACT subtest correlations.

Verbal, quantitative, analytical writing

Graduate Record Exam sections

130 to 170

range of GRE V and GRE Q scores

test bias

objective statistical indices that examine the patterning of test scores for relevant subpopulations.

Bias

factors inherent to a test that systematically prevent accurate, impartial measurements. 

True

Studies have not supported the belief that test items are biased: true/false

False

if slopes for regression analysis are the same between groups but have different starting point then there is test bias: true/false

unqualified individualism, quotas, qualified individualism

Three ethical positions for how tests should be used for selection:

unqualified individualism 

without exception best qualified candidates should be selected. 

quotas

ethically bound to use selection procedures that admit candidates in the same ratio found within the local community.

Qualified Individualism

relies exclusively on tested abilities without reference to age, sex, race, or other demographics.

culture fair tests

equally familiar problems to all cultures and there is a consideration of degrees rather than absolutes.

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

A nonverbal test of inductive reasoning based on figures. It is intended to measure Spearman’s g and referred to as a group ability test.