Comprehensive Pulmonary Disorders Study Guide (copy)

Upper Airway Disorders

Diseases affecting the airway above and including the vocal folds.

Acute Obstruction

A condition requiring immediate relief to prevent fatal asphyxia due to causes like trauma, foreign body aspiration, and infections.

Vocal Fold Dysfunction (VFD)

Transient, reversible laryngeal narrowing caused by paradoxical vocal fold adduction.

Chronic Obstruction

Long-term airway blockage due to conditions like goiter, laryngeal carcinoma, and granulomas.

Inspiratory stridor

A high-pitched sound during inspiration, indicative of upper airway obstruction.

Diagnostic Evaluation for Chronic Obstruction

Includes flow-volume loops, soft-tissue neck radiographs, CT, MRI, and flexible endoscopy.

Tracheal Obstruction

Narrowing of the trachea due to intrinsic or extrinsic factors.

Flow-volume loops

Diagnostic plots used to assess the degree of airway obstruction.

Bronchial Obstruction

Blockage in the bronchial tubes caused by various factors like foreign bodies and tumor compression.

Asthma

A chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by variable airflow limitation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

T2-High Endotype

Asthma phenotype driven by Th2 cytokines and responds well to targeted therapies.

Pediatric Prevalence of Asthma

Approx. 7% in males and 5.4% in females.

EIB (Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction)

Bronchoconstriction triggered by exercise, peaking between 10-15 minutes post-exercise.

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

A progressive lung disease characterized by airflow limitation due to chronic bronchitis or emphysema.

Pink Puffer/COPD Type A

Characterized by severe dyspnea and signs of emphysema.

Blue Bloater/COPD Type B

Characterized by chronic bronchitis, sputum production, and hypoxemia.

Bronchiectasis

Chronic condition involving dilated, thickened airways with chronic productive cough.

ABPA (Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis)

Hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus species in asthmatic or cystic fibrosis patients.

CF (Cystic Fibrosis)

Autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene leading to thick mucus accumulation.

Eosinophilic Pulmonary Syndrome

Characterized by eosinophilia and pulmonary infiltrates.

Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)

Elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, causing dyspnea and fatigue.

Light's Criteria

Used to differentiate between transudative and exudative pleural effusions.

Pleural Effusion

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space due to various causes.

Pneumothorax

Presence of air in the pleural cavity leading to lung collapse.

ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

Severe lung condition characterized by acute onset of hypoxemia and respiratory failure.

Low-Dose CT Screening

Recommended annually for individuals at high risk for lung cancer.

Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia (CEP)

A subacute form with cough, fever, and marked eosinophilia, highly responsive to steroids.

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)

Bacterial infections causing respiratory symptoms, often in individuals with lung disease.

Pneumonia

Infection causing inflammation in the lung parenchyma, often leading to symptoms like cough and fever.

Sputum Culture

Diagnostic test for identifying pathogens in cases of pneumonia.