APH CH 9 nervous system

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72 Terms

1

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

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2

CNS

can not repair itself

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3

peripheral nervous system

nerves

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4

Sensory-somatic nervous system

12 pairs of cranial nerves (eyes, ears, etc) and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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5

Sensory-somatic nervous system

Consciously controlled (skeletal muscles)

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6

Autonomic nervous system

sensory neurons and motor neurons that run between the CNS

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7

Autonomic nervous system

Heart, lungs, smooth muscles, glands

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8

Autonomic nervous system

Two subdivisions

   1. Sympathetic nervous system

  - Fight or Flight

  2. Parasympathetic nervous system

  - “normal conditions”

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9

Neurons (Nerve cells)

structural and functional units of the nervous system

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10

Neurons (Nerve cells)

 Specialized to react to physical and chemical changes

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11

Neurons (Nerve cells)

The brain is made up of about 200-100 billion nerve cells

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12

Nerve Impulse

The electrochemical process of transmitting information from one neuron to another to cells outside the nervous system

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13

Cell Body (soma)

contains cytoplasm, cell membrane, organelles (mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, chromatophilic substance, and neurofibrils)

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Dendrites

Numerous extensions from the neuron cell body that takes information to the cell body

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15

Dendrites

Receives electrochemical messages (into cell)

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16

Axon

The extension from the neuron cell body that takes information away from the cell body

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Axon Terminal

End part of an axon that makes a synaptic contact with another cell

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18

Neuroglial cells

Fill space, provide structural framework, produce myelin, and carry on phagocytosis

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Neuroglial cells

Greatly out number neurons in the CNS (50x)

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20

Neuroglial cells

They are cells- not nerve cells

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21

CNS- Microglial cells

Support neurons and phagocytize (engulf bacteria debris)

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22

CNS- Oligodendrocytes

Occur in rows along nerve fibers and they provide insulating layers of myelin around axons within the CNS

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23

CNS- Astrocytes

Provide shape, support and structure

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CNS- Astrocytes

Regulates nutrient and ion concentration

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25

CNS- Astrocytes

Forms scar tissue to fill space following injury to CNS

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26

CNS- Ependymal cells

Lines interior cavity of CNS

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27

Ependymal cells make sure

nothing harmful gets in

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28

PNS- Schwann cells

form a covering called myelin sheath

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29

Myelin (CNS- Oligodendrocytes vs. PNS- Schwann cells)

Lipid-protein membrane layer

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Myelin Sheath

Wraps around the axon and is necessary in order for the impulse to travel down the axon

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Neurilemma

surrounds myelin sheath

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Nodes of Ranvier

Narrow gaps in the myelin sheath between the Schwann cells

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33

White Matter

Myelinated axons in the CNS

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34

Gray Matter

Unmyelinated axon in the CNS

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35

Afferent (sensory)

Travels towards the CNS

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36

(Afferent) Sensory:

from outside body

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(Afferent) Visceral:

Inside the body

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38

Efferent (motor)

Travels away or out of the CNS

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39

(Efferent) Somatic:

going to skeletal muscles

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40

(Efferent) Autonomic:

smooth & cardiac muscles, glands

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41

Interneurons

Within the CNS

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42

Interneurons

Direct incoming impulses, process, interpret and re-direct

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43

Bipolar Neurons

Has only 2 processes, one from each end

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44

Bipolar Neurons

Found in eyes, nose and ear

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45

Unipolar Neurons

Single process from cell body that divides into 2 branches (CNS + PNS)

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Ganglia:

Unipolar neurons that are specialized masses of nervous tissue located outside the brain and spinal cord

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47

Multipolar Neurons

Many processes (dendrites) arising from the cell body

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48

Multipolar Neurons

One axon

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49

Multipolar Neurons

Found mostly in the brain and spinal cord

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50

10,000

specific types of neurons in the human brain

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51

Active Transport

Movement of particles through the membrane from a region of low concentration to high concentration

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52

Active Transport

ATP (energy) is required

Ex: Na+/K+ pump

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53

Polarization =

electrically charged

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54

Polarization

is important to the conduction of nerve impulses (& muscle contraction)

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55

Polarization

is caused by the unequal distribution of positive and negative ions on either side of the cell membrane

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56

Resting (membrane) potential

The difference between the electrical charges inside and outside the cell membrane

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Na+ :

high concentration outside the cell and low inside (wants to go in)

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K+ :

high concentration inside the cell and low outside (wants to go out)

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Negatively charged particles inside cell

want to leave the cell but can’t get through the membrane

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60

Threshold Potential

Stimulation level that must be exceeded to elicit a nerve impulse or a muscle contraction

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61

Action Potential

The sequence of electrical changes when a nerve cell membrane is exposed to a stimulus that exceeds its threshold

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Depolarization

When a cell responds to a stimulus causing the cell membrane’s resting potential to decrease

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Depolarization

Inside the membrane becomes less negative compared to outside the cell

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64

Depolarization

*Na+ channels open and rush into the cell

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Repolarization

Membrane becomes negative again when membrane channels open up and K+ leaves the cell

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66

Repolarization

*K+ channels open up and rush out of the cell

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67

Na+/K+ pump- Pumps Na+ back outside and K+ back inside the cell

3 Na+ for every 2 K+

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68

Threshold

The minimal amount of stimulus needed to produce an action potential

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69

All or None Response

If a nerve fiber responds at all to a stimulus, it responds completely (like muscles)

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70

All or None Response

Greater intensity of stimulation triggers more impulses per second, not a stronger impulse

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71

Saltatory Conduction

Produced in myelinated neurons where the nerve impulse travels down the axon jumping from Node of Ranvier to Node of Ranvier

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72

Reflexes

Rapid, automatic, subconscious response to a stimulus

Simple pathway including only a few neurons

Causes involuntary reaction

“Built in” or learned

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