history GCSE AQA conflict and tension the interwar years

why did the allies and germans want peace after ww1

millions dead or injured

belgium and france devestated

lots of money spent

german army beaten and retreating

germany in politicla chaos

whow was woodrow wilson

president of the usa

woodrow wilsons 14 points

proposed jan 1918, germans rejected

accepted by november

woodrow wilsons 1 points main points

no secret treaties

disarmament

alsace lorraine to go to grance

self determination for people of eastern europe

LON

what was woodrow wilsons main aim

to stop war from happening again

who was the british pm

David Lloyd George

who was the french pm

Georges Clemenceau

what did clemencau want for germany

weakened german army so it wasnt a threat for france (shared borders)

NO 14 points

keep his protective treaties with other countries

naval blockade on germany

what did lloyd george want for germany

didnt like wilsons ides of self determination and colonial freedom - threat to britains empire

wanted germany punished - not too harshly - important trading partner

blockade germany

when did the kaiser abdicate

9th November 1918

how long was the armistice in force for

30 days

when was the tov signed

28th June 1919

terms of armistice

-german troops evacuate belgium, frace and other occupied countries within 2 weeks

-germany will give up many heavy weapons

naval blockade on germany would remain in place

german troops evacuate the rhineland

rhineland occupied by allied forces

which nations weren't invited to the treaty of versailles signing

germany and austria

how many delegates were at the versailles conference

30

how long did talks around the tov last

6 months due to disagreements

what were clemencaus priorities (shortened version)

punish germany, make them take blame and weaken economy and military

lloyd georges priorities (shortened version)

punsih germany, not too harshly, increase empires power

wilsons priorities (shortened version)

self determination, disarmement, LON

BRAT

Blame, Reparations, Army, Territory

changes in germanys territory due to tov

lost alsace lorraine

demilitarised rhineland

gave up all territory in poland

gave poland free access to the sea via the polish corridor

saar taken away for 15 years

danzig became a free city under lon

article 231

war guilt clause

reparation sum

£6600 million as of 1921

what did germans refer to the tov as

Diktat (dictated peace)

german opinion on tov

diktat

had thought germany was winning

beleieved in heroism of troops

had won many victories

humiliated

stab in the back theory

november criminals

woodrow wilsons/senates opinion on the tov

too harsh

risked further war

us govt objected to the league (thought they might be dragged into future wars) despite wilson having proposed it

refused to sign tov

when did germany sign their treaty with germany

august 1921

lloys geogre opinion on tov

thought it was too harsh

pleased to be given some german colonies (expanded empire , trade, resources, military power)

reduction in german navy good for sea power

had suggested more lenient terms,

wanted german in lon

why was lloyd george worried about the tov

° Too much resentment in Germany could eventually lead to a future war.

- Britain's trade would suffer if Germany was too weak.

- If the German people became too disillusioned with their government, this might lead to a communist revolution (as had happened in Russia in 1917)

brits opinion of tov

British public wanted revenge on Germany — in this way, the treaty satisfied Britain.

clemenceau opinion on tov

not harsh enough

wanted higher reparations

wanted germany to pay them back forever

french please about blame

reduction in german armed forces and demilitarised rhineland good for frances security

why was self determination difficult

new countries were potentially unstable because many people from different national or ethnic groups were thrown the new countries used to belong to, together.

different cultures from one another and had different allegiances and resentments after the war.

The countries also started wars with one another for more land.

4 more treaties after ww1 that caused trouble

St Germain 1919 (austria)

Trianon 1920 (hungary)

Neuilly 1919 (bulgaria)

Sevres 1920 (turkey)

St Germain 1919 (austria)

separates austria from hungary

prevented anschluss

took land away

limited army

created new countries

trianon 1920 (hungary)

took land away e.g croatia

reduction in army

created new countries

neuilly 1919 bulgaria

took away some land

denied access tot he sea

reduction in army

sevres 1920 turkey

lost land (parts became new mandates e.g syria)

lost control of black sea

what countries formed out of austria - hungary

Czech, Yugoslavia

turkish opinion on sevres

hated

nationalists e.g mustafa kemal resisted - forced changes at treaty of lausanne 1923 ( reduced land lost and stopped all reparations)

issues with the treaties

countries created or increased in size (czechoslavia, poland yugoslavia) govering people of many nationalities (different languages and different cultures

aims of LON

maintain peace via

disarmament

arbitration (talking out problems)

collective security (acting together to control aggressors)

encourage cooperation and help solve economic and social problems e.g disease and slavery

parts of lon

the assembly

the council

the secretariat

The International Labour Organisation

the permanent court of international justice

role of the assembly lon

met once a year to discuss matters e.g membership, maintain world peace

every country in the league has one vote

decisions could only be made if everyone agreed on them

role of the ocuncil lon

met at least four times a year.

It had permanent members (Britain, France, Italy, Japan and later Germany) and temporary members.

It dealt with international affairs and aimed to settle disputes.

All members had a vote, but permanent members could veto (reject) Council decisions.

the secretariat role lon

Carried out the work of the League, like a civil service.

the intl labour organisation role lon

discussed and made suggestions to improve working conditions

govt officials, employers and workers from diff countries

role of the permanent court of international justice LON

made up of 15 judges from different member countries

asked to settle intl disputes

hoped to avoid another major war

how many countries joined lon at the start

42

how many countries in lon in 19302

60

other agencies and commissions in league

worked on specific humanitarian issues

health org

commission for refugees

commission for womens rights

what was the covenant lon

set out morla guidelines members were supposed to follow to keep the peace

What was the permanent court of intl justice (PCIJ)

during disputes

-decided which country was in the right

-tell a country what it was doing wrong

impose sanctions on offending country

could apply economic sanctions, or military sanctions

army in the league of nations

didnt have its own army

hoped collective security meant they didn't need one

why didnt the usa join the lon

wilson was very illl at the time, and the senate rejected it because

- disagreed with tov and refused to sign

- saw lon connected to tov

- believed in democracy. didnt want to help britain and france keep undemocratic colonies

- wilsons political enemies wanted to make him unpopular

- americas policy of isolationism

which countries werent allowed to join the lon

germany (until 1926)

USSR (because of its communist govt)

issues with 3 of the most powerful nations (germany usa ussr) not joining LON

undermined authority and strength of LON

LON couldn't rely on their armies, had to rely on Britain and France (weakened by ww1)

sanctioned countries could still trade with these 3

why wasnt the lon powerful enough

britain and france in charge

league couldnt introduce sanctions

league relied on armies of member states

large organisation

why did relying on britain and france weaken lon

neither country was strong enough to do their job properly

unpopular to some countries, extensions of too harsh tov

why the sanctions weaken the lon

only worked if powerful countries applied them (3 of which missing from league)

most members couldnt afford to apply sanctions after ww1

why did relying on other armies weaken the lon

members didnt have to commit troops

most didnt want to commit troops

difficult for lon to act on its threats

why did being a large org weaken the league

very complicated

everyone in assembly had to agree before anything happened

court of justice had no power to force countries to act

hard to get anything done

locations of the leagues successes

upper silesia

the aaland islands

bulgaria

success of the lon upper silesia

Upper silesia was a region with valuable industry. A referendum was held for citizens to choose whether to be ruled by Poland or Germany, but the result was too close to be decisive. In 1921, the League suggested dividing the area between the two countries, which both sides (and most citizens) accepted.

The aaland islands success of the lon

they sit almost exactly halfway between Sweden and Finland. They belonged to Finland, but most people there wanted to be ruled by Sweden. In 1921, the League decided that the islands should remain Finnish, and both sides accepted this.

bulgaria success of the lon

bulgaria was invaded by Greece in 1925 after border disputes. The League ordered Greece to withdraw, and it obeyed.

failures of the lon location

corfu

vilna

the ruhr

Corfu lon failure

Greek island

occupied by ital in 1923 due to italian diplomat shot dead in greece

lon told italy to leave, fined greece

italy ignored. demanded compensation from greece

lon changed its mind

asked greece to give money to italy

greece complied

italy withdrew troops

why was corfu a failure for the lon

italy was a perm member of the council

showed powerful countries were able to ignore the lon

Vilna lon failure

Vilna chosen as the capital of newly formed lithuania after ww1, but most of the population were Polish. Poland seized Vilna in April 1919 and refused to give it up when told to do so by the League. On this occasion, the League was powerless to stop military aggression.

the ruhr failure of lon

(an industrial region of Germany) was invaded and occupied by France in 1923 after Germany had failed to keep up its reparation payments. The French began shipping its products back to France. The League of Nations didn't intervene. The USA helped resolve the situation with the Dawes Plan

other agreements in the 1920s

washington conference 1921

geneva protocol 1924

dawes plan 1924

young plan 1929

washington conference 1921 (+adv/dis)

usa, britain, japan and france educed navy size

P - showed some countries keen on disarmamant

N - noone wanted to reduce arms further, japans navy dominant power of pacific

geneva protocol 1924 (+adv/dis)

Tried to make countries use the League to sort out disputes

P- seemed to strengthen lon

N - britain refused to sign after a change on govt

dawes plan 1924 (+adv/dis)

usa lent money to germany

spread out repayments

P - helped germnay recover, increased trade and cooperation

N -depression wiped out benefits

young plan 1929 (+adv/dis)

reduced german reparations by 75 years and gave 59 years to pay

P - helped germnay recover, increased trade and cooperation

N -depression wiped out benefits

locarno treaties 1925

GERMANYS WETSERN BORDERS SET AT VERSAILLES SHOULD BE PERMANENT

- suggested g was prepared to accept tov

- proposed by foreign minister stresemann (wanted to regain europes trust) digned voluntarily

- germany moving on from resentment, could be treated as an equal

- allowed to join lon 1926

- nothing about eastern borders (worried czechoslovakia and poland)

kellong briand pact 1926

65 COUNTRIES AGREE TO NOT USE AGRESSION TO SOLVE ARGUMENTS

didnt define what aggression menat, countries could claim they werent guilty of it

noone knew what would happen if it was broken

significant step to lasting peace

countries committed to preventing future war

usa signed too

america pre wall street crash

-prosperous

- high wages

- mass production

- usa lent billios of dollars to help europe recover

- american companies preforming well, people borrowed money to buy shares from them

causes of wall street crash

many american companies overproduced

too much supply, not enough demand

comp from japan

wall street crash 1929

stock market crashed people realised some companies were doing badly - rushed to sell shares

oct 1929 - selling was frantic

share prices dropped lost value bc noone wanted to buy them during the panic

businesses collapsed and 1000s of people were ruined. selling shares for wtv price they could get.

start if great depression. global economic downturn

impact of the depression in the usa

1929 - usa stopped lending money abroad, started asking for it back

1930 - 2000 banks collapsed as people rushed to withdraw savings

1933 - over 12mill unemployed

effects of depression in industrial countries

most affected. banks failed, industries struggles, trade halted

ussr affected the least bc it was communist

within 3 yrs 2.5mill unemployed in britain. 30mill unemployed in western industrial countries

germany badly affected, unemployment rose to 6mill by 1932

how did the depression affect the lon work

caused widespread poverty

in extreme times, extreme parties

many germans turned to the nazis who wanted to defy the tov (elected 1933)

- britain and france less willing to help in international conflicts, wanted to focus on their own issues

- factored into political conflicts e.g manchurian

why did japan want to expand its territory (manchurian crisis)

Japanese industry had grown whilst europe fought ww1.

When the Depression wrecked Japanese industries, military leaders and business owners in Japan called for military expansion to strengthen the country.

manchurian crisis

- japan had large army and navy navy.

- 1905 - controlled the territory of the South Manchurian Railway.

- In September 1931, it used a disturbance as an excuse to capture the town of Mukden and send troops to take over the rest of Manchuria. - Japanese pretended to give Manchuria independence.

put a weak leader in charge so they could control him.

how did the lon deal with the manchurian crisis

- LON sent Lord Lytton to assess the situation. He produced a report, which said the Japanese had been wrong, but the League didn't do anything else — it failed to stop Japan and end the crisis.

japans response to the lon judgement

refused to accept the report

1933 - withdrew from league

1933- invaded jehol province (bordered manchuria)

when did japan sign a treaty with nazi germany

1936

when did japan invade china

1937

how was the lon weakened by the loss of japan

important trading partner

didn't want to place sanctions on them

france and britain reluctant to act against japan due to threats closer to home e.g hitler

lon failure to act showed dictators e.g hitler that it was weal

Who was Italy's leader?

benito mussolini and his fascist party

when and how did mussolini become pm

1922, after threatening to take power by marching onto rome

when did mussolini begin to establish his dictatorship in italy and how

1925

banned other political parties

harsh secret policies against opponents

why did mussolini invade abyssinia

italy had been defeated by them in 1896 - wanted revenge

success would divert attention from the depression and boost his poularity

he dreamed of a great empire and had seen japans success

invasion of abyssina

oct 1935 - sent troops w heavy artillery and tanks

may 1936 - italy had conquered

response to invasion of abyssina by lon

abyssinian leader appealed to lon

lon imposed econ sactions - delayed banning oil exports due to lack of usa support

britain and france didnt close the suez canal to italian ships - supplies continued to go through despite sanctions

why didn't members of the lon want to go to war with italy

hitler was becoming powerful. britaia nd frace wanted to save resources

secret agreement between italy britain and france

hoare laval pact - to give abyssina to mussolini. public outrage when news got out

why was the lons reputation ruined

members were supposed to unite against aggressors, but didnt want to. the covenant was ignored. the secret agreements undermined the lons core principal of countries working together