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why did the allies and germans want peace after ww1
millions dead or injured
belgium and france devestated
lots of money spent
german army beaten and retreating
germany in politicla chaos
whow was woodrow wilson
president of the usa
woodrow wilsons 14 points
proposed jan 1918, germans rejected
accepted by november
woodrow wilsons 1 points main points
no secret treaties
disarmament
alsace lorraine to go to grance
self determination for people of eastern europe
LON
what was woodrow wilsons main aim
to stop war from happening again
who was the british pm
David Lloyd George
who was the french pm
Georges Clemenceau
what did clemencau want for germany
weakened german army so it wasnt a threat for france (shared borders)
NO 14 points
keep his protective treaties with other countries
naval blockade on germany
what did lloyd george want for germany
didnt like wilsons ides of self determination and colonial freedom - threat to britains empire
wanted germany punished - not too harshly - important trading partner
blockade germany
when did the kaiser abdicate
9th November 1918
how long was the armistice in force for
30 days
when was the tov signed
28th June 1919
terms of armistice
-german troops evacuate belgium, frace and other occupied countries within 2 weeks
-germany will give up many heavy weapons
naval blockade on germany would remain in place
german troops evacuate the rhineland
rhineland occupied by allied forces
which nations weren't invited to the treaty of versailles signing
germany and austria
how many delegates were at the versailles conference
30
how long did talks around the tov last
6 months due to disagreements
what were clemencaus priorities (shortened version)
punish germany, make them take blame and weaken economy and military
lloyd georges priorities (shortened version)
punsih germany, not too harshly, increase empires power
wilsons priorities (shortened version)
self determination, disarmement, LON
BRAT
Blame, Reparations, Army, Territory
changes in germanys territory due to tov
lost alsace lorraine
demilitarised rhineland
gave up all territory in poland
gave poland free access to the sea via the polish corridor
saar taken away for 15 years
danzig became a free city under lon
article 231
war guilt clause
reparation sum
£6600 million as of 1921
what did germans refer to the tov as
Diktat (dictated peace)
german opinion on tov
diktat
had thought germany was winning
beleieved in heroism of troops
had won many victories
humiliated
stab in the back theory
november criminals
woodrow wilsons/senates opinion on the tov
too harsh
risked further war
us govt objected to the league (thought they might be dragged into future wars) despite wilson having proposed it
refused to sign tov
when did germany sign their treaty with germany
august 1921
lloys geogre opinion on tov
thought it was too harsh
pleased to be given some german colonies (expanded empire , trade, resources, military power)
reduction in german navy good for sea power
had suggested more lenient terms,
wanted german in lon
why was lloyd george worried about the tov
° Too much resentment in Germany could eventually lead to a future war.
- Britain's trade would suffer if Germany was too weak.
- If the German people became too disillusioned with their government, this might lead to a communist revolution (as had happened in Russia in 1917)
brits opinion of tov
British public wanted revenge on Germany — in this way, the treaty satisfied Britain.
clemenceau opinion on tov
not harsh enough
wanted higher reparations
wanted germany to pay them back forever
french please about blame
reduction in german armed forces and demilitarised rhineland good for frances security
why was self determination difficult
new countries were potentially unstable because many people from different national or ethnic groups were thrown the new countries used to belong to, together.
different cultures from one another and had different allegiances and resentments after the war.
The countries also started wars with one another for more land.
4 more treaties after ww1 that caused trouble
St Germain 1919 (austria)
Trianon 1920 (hungary)
Neuilly 1919 (bulgaria)
Sevres 1920 (turkey)
St Germain 1919 (austria)
separates austria from hungary
prevented anschluss
took land away
limited army
created new countries
trianon 1920 (hungary)
took land away e.g croatia
reduction in army
created new countries
neuilly 1919 bulgaria
took away some land
denied access tot he sea
reduction in army
sevres 1920 turkey
lost land (parts became new mandates e.g syria)
lost control of black sea
what countries formed out of austria - hungary
Czech, Yugoslavia
turkish opinion on sevres
hated
nationalists e.g mustafa kemal resisted - forced changes at treaty of lausanne 1923 ( reduced land lost and stopped all reparations)
issues with the treaties
countries created or increased in size (czechoslavia, poland yugoslavia) govering people of many nationalities (different languages and different cultures
aims of LON
maintain peace via
disarmament
arbitration (talking out problems)
collective security (acting together to control aggressors)
encourage cooperation and help solve economic and social problems e.g disease and slavery
parts of lon
the assembly
the council
the secretariat
The International Labour Organisation
the permanent court of international justice
role of the assembly lon
met once a year to discuss matters e.g membership, maintain world peace
every country in the league has one vote
decisions could only be made if everyone agreed on them
role of the ocuncil lon
met at least four times a year.
It had permanent members (Britain, France, Italy, Japan and later Germany) and temporary members.
It dealt with international affairs and aimed to settle disputes.
All members had a vote, but permanent members could veto (reject) Council decisions.
the secretariat role lon
Carried out the work of the League, like a civil service.
the intl labour organisation role lon
discussed and made suggestions to improve working conditions
govt officials, employers and workers from diff countries
role of the permanent court of international justice LON
made up of 15 judges from different member countries
asked to settle intl disputes
hoped to avoid another major war
how many countries joined lon at the start
42
how many countries in lon in 19302
60
other agencies and commissions in league
worked on specific humanitarian issues
health org
commission for refugees
commission for womens rights
what was the covenant lon
set out morla guidelines members were supposed to follow to keep the peace
What was the permanent court of intl justice (PCIJ)
during disputes
-decided which country was in the right
-tell a country what it was doing wrong
impose sanctions on offending country
could apply economic sanctions, or military sanctions
army in the league of nations
didnt have its own army
hoped collective security meant they didn't need one
why didnt the usa join the lon
wilson was very illl at the time, and the senate rejected it because
- disagreed with tov and refused to sign
- saw lon connected to tov
- believed in democracy. didnt want to help britain and france keep undemocratic colonies
- wilsons political enemies wanted to make him unpopular
- americas policy of isolationism
which countries werent allowed to join the lon
germany (until 1926)
USSR (because of its communist govt)
issues with 3 of the most powerful nations (germany usa ussr) not joining LON
undermined authority and strength of LON
LON couldn't rely on their armies, had to rely on Britain and France (weakened by ww1)
sanctioned countries could still trade with these 3
why wasnt the lon powerful enough
britain and france in charge
league couldnt introduce sanctions
league relied on armies of member states
large organisation
why did relying on britain and france weaken lon
neither country was strong enough to do their job properly
unpopular to some countries, extensions of too harsh tov
why the sanctions weaken the lon
only worked if powerful countries applied them (3 of which missing from league)
most members couldnt afford to apply sanctions after ww1
why did relying on other armies weaken the lon
members didnt have to commit troops
most didnt want to commit troops
difficult for lon to act on its threats
why did being a large org weaken the league
very complicated
everyone in assembly had to agree before anything happened
court of justice had no power to force countries to act
hard to get anything done
locations of the leagues successes
upper silesia
the aaland islands
bulgaria
success of the lon upper silesia
Upper silesia was a region with valuable industry. A referendum was held for citizens to choose whether to be ruled by Poland or Germany, but the result was too close to be decisive. In 1921, the League suggested dividing the area between the two countries, which both sides (and most citizens) accepted.
The aaland islands success of the lon
they sit almost exactly halfway between Sweden and Finland. They belonged to Finland, but most people there wanted to be ruled by Sweden. In 1921, the League decided that the islands should remain Finnish, and both sides accepted this.
bulgaria success of the lon
bulgaria was invaded by Greece in 1925 after border disputes. The League ordered Greece to withdraw, and it obeyed.
failures of the lon location
corfu
vilna
the ruhr
Corfu lon failure
Greek island
occupied by ital in 1923 due to italian diplomat shot dead in greece
lon told italy to leave, fined greece
italy ignored. demanded compensation from greece
lon changed its mind
asked greece to give money to italy
greece complied
italy withdrew troops
why was corfu a failure for the lon
italy was a perm member of the council
showed powerful countries were able to ignore the lon
Vilna lon failure
Vilna chosen as the capital of newly formed lithuania after ww1, but most of the population were Polish. Poland seized Vilna in April 1919 and refused to give it up when told to do so by the League. On this occasion, the League was powerless to stop military aggression.
the ruhr failure of lon
(an industrial region of Germany) was invaded and occupied by France in 1923 after Germany had failed to keep up its reparation payments. The French began shipping its products back to France. The League of Nations didn't intervene. The USA helped resolve the situation with the Dawes Plan
other agreements in the 1920s
washington conference 1921
geneva protocol 1924
dawes plan 1924
young plan 1929
washington conference 1921 (+adv/dis)
usa, britain, japan and france educed navy size
P - showed some countries keen on disarmamant
N - noone wanted to reduce arms further, japans navy dominant power of pacific
geneva protocol 1924 (+adv/dis)
Tried to make countries use the League to sort out disputes
P- seemed to strengthen lon
N - britain refused to sign after a change on govt
dawes plan 1924 (+adv/dis)
usa lent money to germany
spread out repayments
P - helped germnay recover, increased trade and cooperation
N -depression wiped out benefits
young plan 1929 (+adv/dis)
reduced german reparations by 75 years and gave 59 years to pay
P - helped germnay recover, increased trade and cooperation
N -depression wiped out benefits
locarno treaties 1925
GERMANYS WETSERN BORDERS SET AT VERSAILLES SHOULD BE PERMANENT
- suggested g was prepared to accept tov
- proposed by foreign minister stresemann (wanted to regain europes trust) digned voluntarily
- germany moving on from resentment, could be treated as an equal
- allowed to join lon 1926
- nothing about eastern borders (worried czechoslovakia and poland)
kellong briand pact 1926
65 COUNTRIES AGREE TO NOT USE AGRESSION TO SOLVE ARGUMENTS
didnt define what aggression menat, countries could claim they werent guilty of it
noone knew what would happen if it was broken
significant step to lasting peace
countries committed to preventing future war
usa signed too
america pre wall street crash
-prosperous
- high wages
- mass production
- usa lent billios of dollars to help europe recover
- american companies preforming well, people borrowed money to buy shares from them
causes of wall street crash
many american companies overproduced
too much supply, not enough demand
comp from japan
wall street crash 1929
stock market crashed people realised some companies were doing badly - rushed to sell shares
oct 1929 - selling was frantic
share prices dropped lost value bc noone wanted to buy them during the panic
businesses collapsed and 1000s of people were ruined. selling shares for wtv price they could get.
start if great depression. global economic downturn
impact of the depression in the usa
1929 - usa stopped lending money abroad, started asking for it back
1930 - 2000 banks collapsed as people rushed to withdraw savings
1933 - over 12mill unemployed
effects of depression in industrial countries
most affected. banks failed, industries struggles, trade halted
ussr affected the least bc it was communist
within 3 yrs 2.5mill unemployed in britain. 30mill unemployed in western industrial countries
germany badly affected, unemployment rose to 6mill by 1932
how did the depression affect the lon work
caused widespread poverty
in extreme times, extreme parties
many germans turned to the nazis who wanted to defy the tov (elected 1933)
- britain and france less willing to help in international conflicts, wanted to focus on their own issues
- factored into political conflicts e.g manchurian
why did japan want to expand its territory (manchurian crisis)
Japanese industry had grown whilst europe fought ww1.
When the Depression wrecked Japanese industries, military leaders and business owners in Japan called for military expansion to strengthen the country.
manchurian crisis
- japan had large army and navy navy.
- 1905 - controlled the territory of the South Manchurian Railway.
- In September 1931, it used a disturbance as an excuse to capture the town of Mukden and send troops to take over the rest of Manchuria. - Japanese pretended to give Manchuria independence.
put a weak leader in charge so they could control him.
how did the lon deal with the manchurian crisis
- LON sent Lord Lytton to assess the situation. He produced a report, which said the Japanese had been wrong, but the League didn't do anything else — it failed to stop Japan and end the crisis.
japans response to the lon judgement
refused to accept the report
1933 - withdrew from league
1933- invaded jehol province (bordered manchuria)
when did japan sign a treaty with nazi germany
1936
when did japan invade china
1937
how was the lon weakened by the loss of japan
important trading partner
didn't want to place sanctions on them
france and britain reluctant to act against japan due to threats closer to home e.g hitler
lon failure to act showed dictators e.g hitler that it was weal
Who was Italy's leader?
benito mussolini and his fascist party
when and how did mussolini become pm
1922, after threatening to take power by marching onto rome
when did mussolini begin to establish his dictatorship in italy and how
1925
banned other political parties
harsh secret policies against opponents
why did mussolini invade abyssinia
italy had been defeated by them in 1896 - wanted revenge
success would divert attention from the depression and boost his poularity
he dreamed of a great empire and had seen japans success
invasion of abyssina
oct 1935 - sent troops w heavy artillery and tanks
may 1936 - italy had conquered
response to invasion of abyssina by lon
abyssinian leader appealed to lon
lon imposed econ sactions - delayed banning oil exports due to lack of usa support
britain and france didnt close the suez canal to italian ships - supplies continued to go through despite sanctions
why didn't members of the lon want to go to war with italy
hitler was becoming powerful. britaia nd frace wanted to save resources
secret agreement between italy britain and france
hoare laval pact - to give abyssina to mussolini. public outrage when news got out
why was the lons reputation ruined
members were supposed to unite against aggressors, but didnt want to. the covenant was ignored. the secret agreements undermined the lons core principal of countries working together
