Chapter 6

Ionic Bonds

occur when the valence electrons of atoms of a metal are transferred to atoms of a nonmetal.

Covalent Bonds

form when atoms of nonmetals share valence electrons.

This shows

Ionic Bond

This shows

Covalent Bond

Octet Rule

Each atom acquires an octet of eight valence electrons

An atom that has lost or gained electrons is called an

ion

If metals lose electrons, there would be a

positive charge

When nonmetals gain electrons, there would be a

negative charge

A negative ion is called an

anion

A positive ion is called a

cation

Write the formula and symbol of an ion with 16 protons and 18 electrons.

S^2-

Consider the elements calcium and chlorine.

Identify each as a metal or a nonmetal

calcium = metal
chlorine = nonmetal

Consider the elements calcium and chlorine.

State the number of valence electrons for each

Calcium = 2 valence electrons
Chlorine = 7 valence electrons

Consider the elements calcium and chlorine.

State the number of electrons that must be lost or gained for each to acquire an octet.

Calcium = lose two electrons
Chlorine= = gain one electron

Consider the elements calcium and chlorine.

Write the symbol, including its ionic charge, and name of each resulting ion.

Calcium: Ca²⁺
Chloride: Cl^-

The formula of the molecule or compound consists of the

symbols of the atoms found in the molecule

Ionic compounds of made of

positive and negative ions (metals and nonmetals)

Ionic compounds have attractions called

ionic bonds

Ionic compounds have

high melting points

Ionic compounds are

solid at room temperature

In the chemical formula for an ionic compound, the symbols for and subscripts are written in the

lowest whole-number ratio of the atoms or ions

Formula of Ionic Compounds

total positive charge = total negative charge

Write the ionic formula for the compound formed with Ba²⁺ and Cl^- ions

BaCl₂

Write the formula for each of the following ionic compounds

3

Write the formula for each of the following ionic compounds

2

Write the formula for each of the following ionic compounds

1

Ionic compounds for between a

metal and nonmental ions

When naming ionic compounds, the name of the metal is written

first

When naming ionic compounds, the name of the nonmetal is written

second

Name the ionic compound K₂0

Potassium Oxide

Write the names for the following compounds

CaO

Calcium Oxide

Write the names for the following compounds

Al₂S₃

Aluminum Sulfide

Write the names for the following compounds

MgCl₂

Magnesium Chloride

Use the charge on the anion and charge balance to calculate charge on the metal ion

MnF₂

MnF₂ = manganese (II) fluoride

Name the ionic compound FeCl₂

Iron (II) chloride

Formula for Variable Change

Name = Metal name (Roman Numeral ion charge) + Nonmetal stem + -ide

Write the formula for tin (II) chloride

SnCl₂

Write chemical formulas for the following compounds

nickel (II) sulfide

nickel (II) sulfide, NiS

Write chemical formulas for the following compounds

Zinc Chloride

zinc chloride, ZnCl₂

Write chemical formulas for the following compounds

iron (III) oxide

iron (III) oxide, Fe₂O₃

Polyatomic Ions

group of atoms with an overall charge

The names of most common polyatomic ions end in

ate

When a related ion has one less O atom, its name ends in

ite

Write the formula for aluminum bicarbonate

Al (HCO₃)₃

Write the formula for sodium phosphate.

Na₃PO₄

What is the correct formula for each compound?

3

What is the correct formula for each compound?

2

What is the correct formula for each compound?

3

What is the correct formula for each compound?

1

Name the following compounds

Ca(NO₃)₂

Calcium Nitrate

Name the following compounds

SnSO₄

tin(II)sulfate

Name & Formula Ionic Compounds

Main group metals

Name = Metal name + Nonmetal stem + -ide

Formula = Subscripts added to make charges 0

Name & Formula Ionic Compounds

Polytomic Ions

Name = metal name + ion name

Formula = subsripts added to make charges 0 and polyatomic ions in parenthesis

Name & Formula Ionic Compounds

Metals with multiple ions

Name = metal name (roman numeral of ion charge) + nonmetal stem + -ide

Formula = subscripts added to make charges 0

Molecular Compounds

form when atoms of two or more nonmetals share electrons and form a covalent bond

In a covalent bond

valence electrons are shared by nonmetal atoms to achieve stability

A ____ forms when two or more atoms share electrons

molecule

The second nonmetal is named by using the first syllable of its name followed by

ide

The first nonmetal in the formula is named by its

element name

If there is no prefix number, the subscript is assumed to be

one

NO₂

nitrogen dioxide

NO₃

nitrogen trioxide

Name the molecular compount NBr₃

nitrogen tribomide

Choose the correct name for the following molecules

silicon tetrachloride

Choose the correct name for the following molecules

diphosophorus pentoxide

Choose the correct name for the following molecules

Dichlorine heptoxide

Write the name for each molecular compound

Write the name for each molecular compound

CCI₄

carbon tetrachloride

Write the name for each molecular compound

CO

Carbon monoxide

Write the name for each molecular compound

N₂O

Dinitrogen oxide

Write the name for each molecular compound

PF₃

phosphorus trifluoride

____ if the first element in the formula or the name is a ___ or the polyatomic ion NH₄⁺

Ionic; metal

______ if the first metal in the formula is a _____

molecular; nonmetal

Identify each compound as ionic or molecular, and give its correct name

SO₃

molecular, sulfar trioxide

Identify each compound as ionic or molecular, and give its correct name

BaCl₂

ionic, barium chloride

Identify each compound as ionic or molecular, and give its correct name

(NH₄)₃PO₃

ionic, ammonium phosphite

Identify each compound as ionic or molecular, and give its correct name

Cu₂CO₃

ionic, copper(I) carbonate

Identify each compound as ionic or molecular, and give its correct name

N₂O₄

molecular, dinitrogen tetroxide

Covalent Bonds can be represented by drawing the molecule in a

Lewis Structure

The shared electrons, or bonds, are shown as

two dots or a single line between atoms

Lone pairs

nonbonding pairs of electrons and are placed on the outside as dots

There are ____ naturally occuring diamotic molecules

seven

Double Bond

occurs when atoms share two pairs of electrons

Triple bond

occurs when atoms share three pairs of electrons

Draw the Lewis structure for carbon dioxide, CO₂ in which the central atom is C

Formaldehyde is a toxic organic molecule with molecular formula CH₂O. Draw the Lewis structure of formaldehyde

In general, all atoms want an ______ unless they have too few electrons

octet of electrons

Some atoms can have ____________ when they are the central atom

more than eight electrons

In the finished Lewis Dot Structure electrons will come in

pairs

Electronegativity

indicates the attraction of an atom for the shared electrons in a bond.

Electronegativity increases from

left to right and from bottom to top of periodic table

A bond is considered _____, when electrons are shared unequally between atoms

polar

Nonpolar covalent bond

an equal or almost equal sharing of electrons by two bonding atoms

Polar covalent bond becomes more polar as the difference in electronegativity

increases

Nonpolar and polar covalent bonds occurs between

nonmetals

Polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

Dipole

separation of charges in a polar bond

This shows

dipole

Ionic bond

result of electron transfer with a large electronegativity difference

Ionic bonds occurs between

metals and nonmetal ions