Microbiology CH1

What is Microbiology?

A study of microorganisms, or living things too small to be seen with the naked eye

Why study microbiology?

Microorganisms are an essential part of human life

Why are microorganisms essential to human lives?

Produce 50% of O2, responsible for resources, and hamburgers

Examples of friendly microbes

Lactobacillus, saccharomyces, and propionibacterium sharmanii

What is bioremediation?

Removal of pollutants using living things

Examples of deadliest microbes

Flu Virus, HIV Virus, and Ebola Virus

How did Robert Hooke (1665) contribute to microbiology?

Invented the first simple microscope 30x magnification and observed cells, leading to the Cell Theory

How did Leeuwenhoek (1673) contribute to microbiology?

Invented microscopes with better magnification (275x) and was the first to observes microorganisms

6 types of microorganisms

Bacteria and Archaea, Algae, Protozoans, Fungi, Parasitic worms, and Viruses

What are the 5 kingdoms by Whitaker?

Monera, Protista, Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae

The 3 Domains by Carl Woese?

Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea

Difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes:

Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus and larger structures, while prokaryotes are smaller single-celled organisms and lack a nucleus

What are the characteristics of Bacteria?

Lacks a nucleus, unicellular, and has a peptidoglycan cell wall

What are the characteristics of Archaea?

Lacks a nucleus, unicellular prokaryote that lives in extreme environments, unusual cell wall with no peptidoglycan

What are the characteristics of Fungi?

Cells walls made of chitin, yeasts are single-celled and oval, molds are multicellular and filamentous, and obtains food by absorption of organic materials

What are the characteristics of protozoa?

Animal-like protists, no cell wall, unicellular, and categorized by movement

What are the characteristics of algae?

Plant-like protists, have a cell wall, photosynthetic, and unicellular or multicellular

What are the characteristics of Helminths?

Parasitic worms, microsopic stage of life cycle, and eukaryotes

What are the characteristics of Viruses?

Non living and dependent on host replication

What is abiogenesis, or spontaneous generation?

Living organisms could arise spontanesously from nonliving matter

What did Francesco Redi discover?

Maggots appear only when flies can lay eggs on meat

How did John Needham contribute to the debate on spontaneous generation?

He heated nutrient broth, sealed with cork, and the broth became cloudy

How did Lazzaro Spalanzani contribute to the debate on spontaneous generation?

He heated nutrient broth for 1 hour, sealed by melting the neck of the bottle, and the broth remained clear

Who disproved spontaneous generation?

Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation using swan-necked flasks, letting air in while trapping microbes and the broth stayed clear

What is fermentation?

The conversion of a carbohydrate, such as sugar, to acid or alcohol

What did Eduard Buchner discover?

Discovered that enzymes carry out fermentation

What did Pasteur’s work with spoiled wine lead to?

Germ Theory of Disease

How did Girolamo Fracastoro Bassi contribute to microbiology?

Proposed the idea that disease was spread by tiny infected particles

What did Robert Koch discover?

First to prove that bacteria caused disease

What are some of Robert Koch’s other contributions ?

Simple staining techniques and the use of Petri dishes

What did Ignaz Semmelweis propose?

Promoted handwashing during childbirth, using chlorine

How did Joseph Lister contribute to microbiology?

First to create an antiseptic surgical technique and use phenol to disinfect surgical tools

What did Florence Nightingale do?

Introduced antiseptic technique and hygiene in the hospital, and into the school of nursing

What did John Snow do?

Mapped Cholera cases and found it was spread by contaminated drinking water, rather than bad air

What did Edward Jenner discover?

Cowpox material provides humans with immunity from smallpox, creating the first vaccine

What is a vaccine?

A suspension of live or inactivated microorganisms

What did Louis Pasteur do for vaccines?

Weakened bacteria as a vaccine for fowl cholera

What is chemotherapy?

Treatment of disease using chemicals

What did Paul Ehrlich do for chemotherapy?

Used Compound 606- salvarsan to treat syphillis

What did Alexander Fleming discover?

Discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin, from mold Penicillium