Mod. World History H Semester Review

Who was Hubert Van Eyck?

A Dutch painter known for mastering the use of oil paints and for his work on the Arnolfini Portrait.

What is the significance of the Arnolfini Portrait?

It is one of the most famous works by Hubert Van Eyck, showcasing his mastery in oil painting.

What is Pieter Bruegel known for?

A Flemish painter, noted for his secular style and most famous work, 'A Peasant’s Wedding', which presents a positive view of human life.

Who designed the Duomo?

Filippo Brunelleschi designed and constructed the massive dome for cathedrals, notably the Duomo in Florence.

What is the theme of Titian's 'Bacchus and Ariadne'?

It is a prominent work by the Venetian oil painter Titian, capturing themes of mythology.

What are Tintoretto's significant religious paintings?

His notable works include 'The Last Supper', 'Crucifixion', and 'Miracle of the Slave'.

What is Albrecht Durer best known for?

Durer was a German artist renowned for his work 'Rhinoceros and Hare'.

What is Raphael's well-known painting?

Raphael is celebrated for 'The School of Athens', a canonical work of the High Renaissance.

How did Leonardo da Vinci exemplify a Renaissance Man?

Leonardo, known for painting the 'Mona Lisa' and 'The Last Supper', embodies the Renaissance ideal through his diverse talents.

What are Michelangelo's notable works?

He is known for masterpieces like the Sistine Chapel, 'David', 'Pieta', and 'The Last Judgment', working under the Medici family's patronage.

What is Donatello famous for?

Donatello is recognized for his sculptural work, particularly his statue of 'David'.

What does Caravaggio's 'Judith Beheading' depict?

It is a powerful religious painting that showcases dramatic realism and emotional intensity.

Which style is Botticelli associated with?

Botticelli is noted for his works in Greek and Roman style, particularly 'The Birth of Venus'.

What is Masaccio's contribution to art?

Masaccio created the fresco 'Expulsion from the Garden of Eden', notable for its perspective and human emotion.

Who was Erasmus and what was his contribution?

Erasmus was a philosopher and writer known for his satire promoting open-mindedness and humor in social and religious criticism.

What is Sir Thomas More known for?

He wrote about social-economic reforms and is the author of 'Utopia'.

What is Shakespeare famous for?

William Shakespeare is renowned as a famous playwright, contributing extensively to English literature.

Who is Petrarch and what is his significance?

Petrarch is known as the father of humanism, influencing Renaissance thought and literature.

What is Cervantes' notable work?

Cervantes is the author of 'Don Quixote', a significant contribution to literature.

What was the impact of the Gutenberg Printing Press in 1456?

It significantly increased literacy rates, lowered prices for printed materials, and facilitated the spread of ideas.

What were the 95 theses and who wrote them?

Written by Martin Luther, the 95 theses criticized the sale of indulgences as fraud against the Bible.

What did Martin Luther propose about Christianity?

He stated three truths: Faith = salvation, the Bible is the sole authority, and the priesthood of all believers indicates that all people are equal under God.

What event occurred in 1524 related to Luther?

The Peasants' Revolt took place, threatening Luther as the church put him on trial.

What reforms did Pope Paul III implement?

He appointed reformers to stop church corruption, established the Jesuit Order in 1540, and convened the Council of Trent in 1545 to reaffirm traditional beliefs.

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

Established in 1555, it allowed for religious freedom for princes of the Holy Roman Empire.

What model did Copernicus create during the Scientific Revolution?

Copernicus created the heliocentric model, placing the sun at the center of the universe.

Who studied Copernicus's model and published work on it?

Tycho Brahe studied the Copernican model, and his work was published by his understudy Johannes Kepler.

What are the three principles of planetary motion formulated by Kepler?

1. Planets move in elliptical orbits, 2) Lines connecting planets to the sun cover equal areas in equal times, 3) The further a planet is from the sun, the longer its orbit.

What was Galileo Galilei's contribution to astronomy?

Galileo designed the first telescope, proved Kepler's theories, and formulated the law of falling bodies.

Who is known as the Father of Microbiology?

Leeuwenhoek is known as the Father of Microbiology for his studies on microorganisms called animalcules.

What surgical advancements did Paré make?

Paré improved amputations, invented ocular prosthetics, replaced cauterization with ligature, and devised methods to heal gunshot wounds.

What major work did Newton author?

Newton authored 'Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy' and is known for formulating the law of gravitation.

What did Lavoisier discover about air?

Lavoisier discovered that air is made of oxygen and proved the conservation of mass.

What significant text did Vesalius write?

Vesalius wrote 'On the Fabric of the Human Body' which accurately described human anatomy.

What significant discovery did Harvey make about blood?

Harvey discovered that blood circulates in one direction due to valves.

What did Boyle contribute to Chemistry?

Boyle is known for Boyle's Law, which states that volume is inversely proportional to pressure.

What philosophical phrase is Descartes famous for?

Descartes is known for 'I think, therefore I am', emphasizing that thinking proves existence. He contributed to skepticism, analytical geometry, and deductive reasoning.

What motivated the Age of Exploration?

The Age of Exploration was motivated by the search for money from new spice trade routes and the spread of religion.

Why were spices significant during the Age of Exploration?

Spices were essential for improving the taste of preserved meats and were mainly affordable only to the wealthy, creating a limited market.

What technological advancements aided navigation during the Age of Exploration?

Advancements included the compass, sextant, Mercator projection maps, caravel boats, and triangular sails.

Who was Prince Henry 'The Navigator'?

Prince Henry was a patron of exploration, established sailing schools, and encouraged voyages to explore the world.

What did Bartholomew Diaz accomplish?

Bartholomew Diaz was the first to reach the tip of South Africa, renaming it the Cape of Good Hope.

What is Christopher Columbus known for?

Columbus sailed west across the Atlantic in 1492, seeking a trade route to Asia, and mistakenly reached Hispaniola.

What did Amerigo Vespucci discover?

Vespucci discovered the mainland of North America and named it America after himself.

What was Ferdinand Magellan's significant achievement?

Magellan found the strait around the tip of South America and is credited with being the first to circumnavigate the globe.

Who was Pedro Álvares Cabral?

Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal and was instrumental in spreading Catholicism there.

What were James Cook's contributions to exploration?

Cook explored much of the globe including Australia and the Pacific, and documented many new species before being killed in Hawaii.

What impact did Hernán Cortés have during the Age of Exploration?

Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire and explored the Caribbean and Hispaniola.

What did Vasco da Gama achieve?

Da Gama explored the southern tip of Africa and founded Indian colonies, significantly benefiting Portugal.

What is Francisco Pizarro known for?

Pizarro conquered the Incas and claimed Peru for Spain.

What was Henry Hudson searching for?

Hudson was searching for the Northwest Passage to Asia but instead explored areas that became New York.

What did Jacques Cartier claim for France?

Cartier claimed the Great Lakes, Newfoundland, and the Louisiana territory for France.

Who was John Cabot and what did he achieve?

John Cabot made the first contact with North America and sought better routes to Asia.

What is Vasco Núñez de Balboa famous for?

Balboa is known for exploring the Pacific Ocean and attempting to cross the Panama Canal.

What is the Enlightenment Era characterized by?

The Enlightenment Era is marked by a push to question institutional teachings and emphasize reason as a means to uncover natural laws governing both the physical world and human behavior.

Who is John Locke and what is his view on knowledge?

John Locke believed in the 'blank slate' theory, asserting that knowledge comes from experience and perception, and that people have natural rights that governments exist to protect.

What did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate for?

Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women should have the autonomy to determine their own interests and called for equal participation in society through 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.

What was Voltaire's main belief regarding government?

Voltaire believed in freedom of thought and emphasized the necessity of a separation between church and state for good governance.

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe about human nature?

Rousseau believed that humans are naturally good but are corrupted by societal evils, advocating for democracy and a social contract in his work 'The Social Contract'.

What economic model did Adam Smith propose in 'The Wealth of Nations'?

Adam Smith advocated for a free market economy regulated by the 'invisible hand', promoting laissez-faire policies with minimal government interference.

What was Thomas Hobbes' view on human nature?

Thomas Hobbes believed humans are inherently evil and selfish, necessitating an absolute government to maintain order, as discussed in his work 'Leviathan'.

What is Baron de Montesquieu known for in political philosophy?

Baron de Montesquieu is known for introducing the idea of checks and balances, advocating for the separation of government powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

What principle did Thomas Jefferson emphasize in relation to governance?

Thomas Jefferson emphasized the inherent equality of people and supported democracy, influenced by John Locke's ideas on natural rights.

What was the primary economic policy governing the American colonies under British rule?

The primary economic policy was Mercantilism, which regulated trade and manufacturing to benefit England.

What was the significance of the Navigation Acts?

The Navigation Acts restricted colonial trade, requiring that colonists buy and sell goods only with England.

What slogan motivated the American colonists' resistance to British taxation?

The slogan was 'no taxation without representation', emphasizing their demand for political representation.

What event is known as the Boston Massacre?

The Boston Massacre was a confrontation in 1770 where British soldiers killed five colonists, escalating tensions.

What was the Boston Tea Party and its purpose?

The Boston Tea Party in 1773 was a protest against the Tea Act, where colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor to challenge British taxation.

When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?

The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776.

Who was the main author of the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson is credited as the main author of the Declaration of Independence.

What Enlightenment principle did the Declaration of Independence embody?

It embodied the principle that people have the right to change an unjust government, influenced by John Locke.

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Paris in 1783?

The Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of America and officially ended the American Revolutionary War.

What year was the U.S. Constitution formed?

The U.S. Constitution was formed in 1787.

What Enlightenment philosophies influenced the U.S. Constitution?

The Constitution was influenced by the ideas of Montesquieu, Locke, and Rousseau.

What institutional framework was established by the U.S. Constitution?

It established a system of checks and balances, dividing power between federal and state governments.

What is the Bill of Rights?

The Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ensuring citizens' natural rights and liberties.

What were the three estates of the French Old Regime?

The French Old Regime was divided into three estates: 1st (Clergy), 2nd (Nobility), and 3rd (Bourgeoisie, peasants, working class).

What percentage of society did the 1st and 2nd Estates represent?

The 1st Estate comprised 1% of society and owned 10% of the land, while the 2nd Estate also comprised 1% and owned 80% of the land.

What led King Louis XVI to call the Estates General?

King Louis XVI called the Estates General in response to France's poor economic state.

What significant event occurred on July 14, 1789?

On July 14, 1789, Bastille Day occurred when the Bastille prison and armory was stormed.

What was the Tennis Court Oath?

The Tennis Court Oath was a pledge made by the Third Estate to create a new constitution for France after breaking away from the Estates General.

What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man?

The Declaration of the Rights of Man was created by the National Assembly to abolish the old regime and establish fundamental rights.

What did the Constitution of 1791 establish?

The Constitution of 1791 established a limited monarchy and a legislative body elected by male tax-paying citizens.

Who was Maximilien Robespierre?

Robespierre was a leader dissatisfied with political policies, part of the Committee of Public Safety during the Revolution.

What was the Directory?

The Directory was a five-man executive and two-house legislature that aimed to exercise checks and balances, operating for four years.

What were Napoleon's major achievements during his rise to power?

Napoleon rose in ranks rapidly, became a political leader in 1799, and created the 4th constitution, leading to his establishment as Emperor of France in 1804.

What was the Napoleon Code?

The Napoleon Code offered legal equality to all citizens but curtailed women's rights.

What led to Napoleon's two exiles?

Napoleon was first exiled to Elba after being replaced by King Louis XVIII, returned briefly to power, then exiled again to Saint Helena where he died.

What was the impact of the 'Great Fear' during the Revolution?

The 'Great Fear' was a period of panic and rumors of stealing and looting, prompting tenant farmers to flee cities for work during a major famine.

What triggered the Industrial Revolution in England?

The Industrial Revolution began in England primarily due to its abundant coal deposits.

Which countries followed England in industrialization by the mid-1800s?

By the mid-1800s, the United States and Germany followed England in industrialization.

What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on cities?

Cities expanded as people moved closer to factories, leading to population growth and urbanization.

What resulted from the second agricultural revolution?

The population of Europe doubled, contributing to labor supply for factories during the Industrial Revolution.

What did Louis Pasteur invent?

Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization and developed the rabies vaccine.

What was the significance of Robert Koch's work?

Robert Koch was instrumental in curing tuberculosis.

Who was Joseph Lister and what was his contribution?

Joseph Lister created antiseptic methods that improved surgical safety.

How did industrialization influence city layouts?

Industrialization led to cities being built on a grid system with slums and suburbs.

What were tenement apartments?

Tenement apartments were small living spaces rented by poor workers near factories.

When did labor unions become legal?

Labor unions became legal in the mid-1800s as working conditions started to improve.

What did Daimler contribute to the Industrial Revolution?

Daimler invented the gas engine, forming the basis for the automotive company Mercedes.