understanding nutrition: chapter 4

carbohydrates

carbon has # of atoms?

4

hydrogen has # of atoms?

1

oxygen has # of atoms?

2

nitrogen has # of atoms?

3

what nutrient contains protein?

nitrogen

carbohydrates are composed of…

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

carbs are found as…

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

carbs provide # kcal/grams?

4

simple carbs

mono- and di-saccharides

complex carbs

polysaccharides

hexoses

6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogens, 6 oxygens

what is one monosaccharide

fructose

what is one monosaccharide

glucose

what is one monosaccharide

galactose

all monosaccharides are made up of…

C6 H12 and O6

where is glucose found?

blood sugar or dextrose

what is the sweetest monosaccharide?

fructose; found in honey and fruit

what monosaccharide is the least sweet?

galactose

where is fructose found?

in fruit and honey

galactose

single sugar

where is galactose found?

in very few foods; milk sugar

what monosaccharides make up sucrose?

fructose and glucose

what monosaccharides make up maltose?

glucose and glucose

what monosaccharides make up lactose?

glucose and galactose

what is a disaccharide?

a pair of monosaccharides

what is maltose?

2 glucose; produced during CHO digestion

what is sucrose?

glucose and fructose; table sugar

what is lactose?

galactose and glucose; found in dairy

when do hydrolysis reactions occur?

digestion

what is glycogen?

storage form of energy in body

where is glycogen found?

in the liver; it controls blood sugar

where is another place glycogen is stored ?

in the muscles; gives glucose to that muscle

what is starch?

storage form of energy in plants

what is glycogen?

long chain of glucose

what is a starch?

long chains of glucose

where is cellulose found?

fruits, veggies and legumes

where is hemicellulose found?

cereal fibers

where is pectin found?

fruits, veggies, used for textures

what are gums and mucilage’s?

stabilizers

where is lignin’s found?

carrots, strawberries

where does fiber pass through?

the body; providing it with energy

what is a soluble fiber?

a fiber that forms gels

what is an example of soluble fiber?

oats

what does soluble fiber protect the body against?

heart dz, lower cholesterol

what is insoluble fiber?

a fiber that does not form gels

what is an example of insoluble fiber?

whole grains

what does insoluble fiber do for the body ?

stimulates contractions of muscles in colon

polysaccharides

resistant starches

what is a resistant starch?

found in cooked potatoes, pasta, rice.

FODMAPS

used as a diet strategy

what does FODMAPS treat?

IBS

what does FODMAPs provide the large intestine?

food for bacteria

mechanical digestion (mouth)

chewing, crushing food

chemical digestion (mouth)

salivary glands secrete saliva

amylase (mouth)

hydrolyze starch into smaller polysaccharides

mechanical digestion (stomach)

grinding and mashing of bolus into chyme

chemical digestion (stomach)

stomach acid inactivates salivary amylase.

small intestine

pancreas secretes pancreatic juice.

what does the pancreas secrete?

pancreatic amylase

where is the main site of chemical digestion?

small intestine

what is lactose intolerance?

inability to digest lactose.

why is there not enough lactose?

age and damage to intestinal villi

lactose intolerance symptoms

bloating and gas

lactose intolerance causes

lactose is not able to be broken down.

fermented products

bacteria digest some of lactose for energy therefore there is less to be consumed

what are some examples of fermented products?

yogurt, butter, milk

what milk product has the least amount of lactose?

cheese

glucose

main source of energy for most of the body’s cells

storage forms of glucose

liver and muscle glucose

liver glucose

used to maintain blood glucose storage levels

muscle glycogen

muscle has hydrolysis reactions that break down the glycogen

gluconeogenesis

making of new glucose

ketone production

ketones used for energy in absence of carbs

normal mg of glucose in blood

70-100mg/dl

insulin

beta cells in pancreas cause glucose to leave the blood and enter the cells

glucagon

from alpha-cells in the pancreas triggers breakdown of liver glycogen

epinephrine

released from adrenal glands, triggers fight or flight response

hyperglycemia

too much glucose in the blood

hypoglycemia

too little glucose in the blood

diabetes

disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from inadequate insulin

glycemic response: low

slow absorption, high level of blood level and a high release of insulin

glycemic response

fast absorption, high level of blood level and high release from insulin

glycemic index

classifies food according to potential response