BIOL 2500 Exam 2 Auburn University (Shobnom Ferdous)

How many bones does the skull consist of?

22 Bones

Of the 22 bones the skull consists of, how are they separated?

8 Cranial Bones

14 Facial Bones

Cranial Bones

enclose and protect brain, attachment site for head and neck muscles

Which cranial bones are "paired"? (have 2 sides)

Parietal bone and temporal bone

What is the saggital suture?

where the 2 parietal bones meet

What is the lambdoid suture?

where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone

What is the coronal suture?

where the parietal bone meets the frontal bone

What is the squamous suture?

where the parietal bone meets the temporal bone

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Located in the sphenoid bone and sits within the sella turcica

What are facial expressions important for?

Behavior and communication

What is the hyoid bone?

attachment for the tongue and come neck muscles

What are the three ear bones?

incus, stapes, malleus

What is the function of the ear/bones?

transmit and amplify sound waves

What is another name for the dens?

odontoid process

What bone forms infrolateral aspects of the skull and parts of base of cranium?

temporal bones

Vertebral foramen

Smooth surfaces are called "Face"

covered with hyaline cartilage and articulate with vertebrae superiorly and inferiorly

Coccyx

4 fused vertrabrae and gives support for pelvic organs. It is an important attachment for muscles/tendons.

Thoracic and sacral curvatures of the adult spine:

convex posteriorly

Cervical and lumbar curvatures of the adult spine

concave posteriorly

What is primary curvature?

thoracic and sacral (Infants)

what is secondary curvature?

cervical and lumbar

what is kyphosis?

Humpback in the thoracic area

What is lordosis?

lumbar curvature "swayback"

*pregnant women

what is scoliosis?

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

What does the manubrium articulate with?

clavicles and ribs 1-2

What does the body (of the sternum) articulate with?

ribs 2-7

What does the xiphoid process articulate with?

attachment point for some abdominal muscles

What type of cartilage is costal cartilage?

Hyaline

the axial skelton contains

skull, ear ossicles, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, vertebrae

How many bones does the axial skeleton include?

80

What is the name of the hole where the brain meets the spinal cord?

Foramen Magnum

What suture does the parietal bone meet the occipital bone?

lamdoid suture

What suture does the parietal bone meet the parietal bone?

sagittal suture

What suture does the parietal bone meet the temporal bone?

squamous suture

What suture does the parietal bone meet the frontal bone?

coronal suture

Where does the pituitary gland sit?

Sella turcica

What structure forms the superior portion of the nasal septum?

Perpendicular plate

What structure forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

cribriform plate

what structure is the site of attachment for dura mater?

crista galli

what structure forms part of lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

superior & middle nasal conchae

Name all of the facial bones

mandible, vomer, maxilla, palatine bones, zygomatic bones, lacrimal bones, nasal bones, inferior nasal conchae

___ are the unossified remnants of fibrous membranes that allow a baby's head to compress during birth

fontanelles

The ___ bone is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone.

hyoid

What are the three ear ossicles?

malleus, incus, stapes

What three bones make up the sternum?

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Which ribs are true ribs?

ribs 1-7

Which ribs are false ribs?

Ribs 8-12

What are the functions of joints?

mobility and cohesion

functional classification of joints

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

how does a diarthrosis joint move?

freely movable joint

how does a synarthroses joint move?

immovable

how does an amphiarthroses joint move?

slightly moveable

structural classification of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Fibrous joints are classified as ________.

sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

What are the features of synovial joints?

reduces friction, contains phagocyte cells, nourishes cartilage, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels

cartilaginous joints

synchondrosis, symphysis

what are the accessory structures to synovial joints?

fatty pads, articular discs, bursae, tendon sheaths

gouty arthritis (gout)

urate crystals form in soft tissues of joints from excess uric acid in blood and causes inflammation and pain

rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disease where the immune system causes inflammation in the joints

Osteoarthritis

inflammation of the bone and joint

*most common

Luxation

dislocation of joint

tibiofemoral joint

hinge joint of the knee

what 3 joints is the single joint cavity made of?

femoropatellar joint, lateral tibiofemoral joint, medial tibiofemoral joint

How many ligaments does the shoulder joint contain?

4

how many tendons does the shoulder joint contain?

5

what are the four ligaments of the shoulder joint

coracohumeral ligament & 3 glenohumeral ligaments

what are the five tendons of the shoulder joint?

Tendon of biceps brachii & 4 rotator cuff tendons/muscles

Special movements: Opposition

touch thumb to tip of fingers on SAME hand

Special movements: Pronation

radius rotates over ulna (palms facing backward)

Special movements: supination

radius and ulna are parallel (palms facing forward)

Special movements: inversion

sole of foot turns medially (toward the middle)

Special movements: eversion

sole of foot turns laterally (toward the sides of body)

special movements: protraction

Movement anteriorly (towards the front)

special movements: retraction

movement posteriorly (towards the back)

special movement: elevation

lifting of body part superiorly

special movement: depression

dropping of body part inferiorly

lateral rotation

rotation away from the midline

medial rotation

Rotation toward the midline

What is the largest organ in the body?

skin

How many layers are in the epidermis?

4 layers in thin skin

5 layers in thick skin (palms of hands and soles of feet)

function of keratinocytes

produce keratin that gives hair, skin, and nails the hardness and water resistant properties

function of Melanocytes

synthesize the pigment melanin

function of langerhans cells

engulfs bacteria, foreign particles, and damaged cells in the layer

function of merkel cells

touch receptors

what are the five layers of skin? (bottom to top)

1. Stratum basale

2. Stratum spinosum

3. Stratum granulosum

4. Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)

5. Stratum corneum

what are the three different body planes?

transverse, frontal, sagittal

Flat articular surfaces that allow short, gliding, non-axial movements

plane

round articular surface of one bone fits into complementary depression in the other

condyloid

each articular surface has convex and concave areas (shaped like a saddle)

saddle

end of one bone cylindrical shape fits in trough-like shape at end of other bone

hinge

round end of one bone fits in a ring composed of bone or ligament of another bone

pivot

a spherical head of one bone fits in a cuplike socket of another

ball and socket

example of plane joint

between carpals and tarsals (non-axial)

example of hinge joint

elbow joint (uni-axial)

example of pivot joint

the atlas/dens of axis and the proximal radius/ulna joint (uni-axial)

example of condyloid joint

between metacarpals and phalanges (bi-axial)

example of saddle joint

joint between carpal and metacarpal of thumb (bi-axial)

example of ball and socket joint

hip and shoulder (multi-axial)

What point is attached to the immovable bone?

origin

what point is attached to the moveable bone?

insertion