General and Special Pathology Unit 4

Ventricles

4 cavities within the brain

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Fluid that circulates through the cavities in the subarachnoid space of the brain

Gray Matter

Portion of the brain that contains cell bodies of neurons and unmyelinated fibers

White Matter

Portion of the brain that contains myelinated fibers

Concussion

The transient (temporary) loss of consciousness due to trauma

Contusion

Bruising of the brain

Fracture

Term for a broken bone

Laceration

Term for tearing of brain tissue

Epidural Hemorrhage

Term for a brain hemorrhage that occurs between the cranial bones and the outer layer of the meninges

Subdural Hemorrhage

Term for a brain hemorrhage between the outer layer (dura mater) and middle layer (arachnoid mater) of the meninges

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Term for a brain hemorrhage between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater; most likely to cause blood in the cerebrospinal fluid

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain

Meningitis

Viral or bacterial infection of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord; Caused by a virus or bacteria. (Most common pathogens that cause meningitis - Streptococcus pneumonia, Hemophilus Influenza, Neisseria Meningitidis)

Neisseria

The genus of the meningococcus

Polio

A viral infection that can destroy motor neurons causing paralysis

Myelitis

Inflammation of the spinal cord

Neuritis

Term for inflammation of the nerves

Rabies

A fatal viral infection of the brain, transmitted in the saliva of an infected animal

CVA (Stroke)

The term for a reduction in blood flow to the brain that may cause paralysis

TIA

A temporary blockage of circulation to the brain causing dizziness, fuzzy vision or loss of sensation

Hydrocephalus

The accumulation of excess cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in or around the brain due to blocked circulation

Epilepsy

Term for seizures due to abnormal firing of neurons in the brain

Petite Mal

Type of epilepsy characterized by a loss of consciousness

Grand Mal

Seizures that involve loss of consciousness, convulsions, and loss of bladder control

Multiple sclerosis

A disease characterized by the loss of the insulating layer around the neurons and replacement with sclerotic plaques (ex. of an autoimmune disease)

Parkinson’s Disease

The degenerative disease caused by a lack of dopamine; characterized by tremors of the hands, stooped posture, and shuffling gait

Cerebral Palsy

A disease is characterized by damage to the brain around the time of birth that is not progressive

Muscular Dystrophy (MD)

A disease is characterized by deterioration of skeletal muscles that results in paralysis

Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD)

A fatal degenerative disease caused by a prion

Alzheimer’s Disease

A fatal progressive disease that produces tangled fibers in the brain resulting in progressive loss of memory and dementia

Epididymis

The small, coiled tube at the posterior testis that stores sperm; inflammation of a coiled tube at the back of testicles that store and carries sperm

Orchitis

The term for inflammation of the testes

Syphilis

A disease is caused flexible spiral shaped bacteria; disease is caused by a spirochete that progresses through 3 stages

Primary Stage

The stage of syphilis that is characterized by a sore called an ulcer (chancre) on the genitalia

Secondary Stage

A stage of syphilis is characterized by fever, rash, and mucous patches (ulcers) in the mouth and on mucous membranes

Tertiary Stage

A stage of syphilis is characterized by gummas that may damage the cardiovascular system (CVS)

Neurosyphilis

Type of syphilis may damage the brain causing retardation and paralysis

CVS Syphilis

Type of syphilis may cause aneurysms and aortic valve insufficiency

NGU (Nonspecific Urethritis)

STD caused by chlamydia

Genital Herpes

The sexually transmitted disease that is characterized by blister-like lesions on the genitalia

AIDS

The STD that weakens the immune system

Hydrocele

The term for excess fluid in the scrotum

Cryptorchidism

The failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum

Hernia

The protrusion of the intestine through the inguinal ring into the scrotum

Oophoritis

The term for inflammation of the ovaries

Salpingitis

The term for inflammation of the fallopian tubes

Endocervitis

Inflammation of the cervix

Endometritis

Inflammation of the endometrium

Vaginitis

Inflammation is usually caused by Candida Albicans

Cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder (NOT an STD) least likely to be caused by an STD

PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)

The STD that spreads through the female tract (may result in scar tissue causing infertility or tubal pregnancy

Gonorrhea

A disease most likely to result in PID

Mastitis

The term for inflammation of the breast

May Require a C-section

An active case of genital herpes during pregnancy

HPV (Human Papillomavirus)

Causes genital warts

Ectopic Pregnancy

Term for when an embryo implants outside the uterus

Tubal Pregnancy

Term for when an embryo implants in the fallopian tube (can be fatal)

Eclampsia

A life-threatening condition developing during the last (3rd) trimester of pregnancy

Endometriosis

The term when endometrial tissue implants and grows outside the uterus

Teratoma (Dermoid Cyst)

The term for a tumor present at birth that contains hair, and a greasy substance that may form in the uterus, ovaries, or other areas; usually benign

Cervical Cancer

May be caused by HPV (genital warts)

Breast Cancer

A cancer that tends to metastasize, and a mastectomy is usually recommended

Fibroid Tumors (Leiomyomas)

Benign tumors of the smooth muscle of the uterus (develop in the myometrium)

Sprain

A stretch or tear in a ligament

Strain

A stretch or tear in a tendon

Dislocation

A displacement of bones from their normal position at the joint

Subluxation

The term for an incomplete or partial displacement

Osteitis

The term for inflammation of a bone

Osteomyelitis

The term for an inflammation of the bone involving the bone marrow due to a bacterial infection

Osteoporosis

The loss of bone density due to aging

Arthritis

Inflammation of the joints

Osteoarthritis

The most common type of arthritis that results from wearing away of the articular cartilage due to aging

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Arthritis that is due to an autoimmune response

Gout

The term for joint inflammation due to the accumulation of uric acid crystals

Bursitis

The term for inflammation of the bursae, most commonly in the shoulder

Rickets

The term for soft bones in children due to a loss of calcium salts as a result of vitamin D deficiency

Osteomalacia

The term for soft bones in adults due to a Vitamin D deficiency

Compound Fracture

The term for a broken bone that protrudes through the skin

Comminuted Fracture

The term for a bone that is crushed or splintered into pieces

Greenstick Fracture

The term for a bone that bends on one side and breaks on the opposite side

Complete Fracture

The term when a fracture line extends all the way across the bone producing 2 pieces

Scoliosis

The term for an abnormal lateral spinal curvature

Lordosis

The term for an exaggerated lumbar (anterior) curvature of the spine

Kyphosis

The term for an exaggerated thoracic posterior curvature

Achondroplasia (Cartilage Defect)

A genetic disorder in which the conversion of cartilage to bone does not occur

Dwarfism

Results from Achondroplasia (a cartilage defect)

Multiple Sclerosis

A disease where there is a progressive deterioration of skeletal muscles with a loss of function

Osteities Deformans (Paget’s Disease)

Disease results from abnormal bone remodeling

Osteosarcoma

A primary malignant tumor of the bone

Acne

Inflammation of sebaceous glands related to excess secretion of sebum

Abscess

A localized accumulation of pus caused by a Staph infection

Boil (Furuncle)

An abscess located in the deep layers of the skin such as a hair follicle

Eczema

Inflammation of the skin involving redness, vesicles, scales, and itching; may be chronic causing thickening of the skin and hyperpigmentation

Contact Dermatitis

An allergic reaction to an antigen to which one has been previously sensitized; a cell-mediated immune response to agents such as metals or poison ivy

Urticaria (Hives)

An allergic reaction; an allergic response to drugs, food, systemic disease, heat or cold

Folliculitis

An infection of the hair follicles (Staph infection with pustules)

Carbuncle

The term for two or more communicating boils (furuncles)

Ulcers from the 2nd stage of syphilis

Mucous patches in the mouth and reddish or copper colored rash

Seborrheic Dermatitis

Results from overactive sebaceous gland

Dandruff (Seborrhea)

Due to excessive secretion of sebum; red itchy patches of flaky scales