Ch. 16 Motivation and Attitudes

What is Positive Feedback?

A process in which a product stimulates the production of more of itself or another product, amplifying the response.

What is the main effect of Positive Feedback?

It increases production of a product and reinforces the original stimulus.

What is a simple analogy for Positive Feedback?

A domino or chain effect.

What is Negative Feedback?

A process that inhibits production of a product, reducing the original stimulus and maintaining balance.

What is the main function of Negative Feedback?

To maintain homeostasis by decreasing or stopping further production.

Which type of feedback is most common in the body?

Negative Feedback

Why is Negative Feedback important?

It prevents excessive responses and helps maintain homeostasis.

What hormone does the hypothalamus release in the female reproductive axis?

GnRH.

What does GnRH stimulate?

The anterior pituitary to release LH.

Which part of the pituitary releases LH?

The anterior pituitary.

What hormone do the ovaries release in response to LH?

Estrogen.

How does estrogen initially affect the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

Through positive feedback, increasing GnRH and LH release.

What is the effect of Positive Feedback by estrogen?

Increased GnRH, increased LH, and continued estrogen production.

What hormone is released after ovulation by the corpus luteum?

Progesterone.

What structure releases progesterone after ovulation?

The corpus luteum.

How does progesterone affect GnRH and LH?

It produces negative feedback, decreasing GnRH and LH release.

What is the effect of progesterone on the Positive Feedback cycle?

It shuts down the positive feedback process.

How does the female reproductive system maintain hormonal balance?

Progesterone provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary after ovulation.

What sequence occurs during the female reproductive hormone pathway?

Hypothalamus releases GnRH → anterior pituitary releases LH → ovaries release estrogen → positive feedback increases GnRH and LH → corpus luteum releases progesterone → progesterone causes Negative Feedback on GnRH and LH.

How do Positive Feedback and Negative Feedback work together in the menstrual cycle?

Positive feedback amplifies hormone release before ovulation, while negative feedback restores balance after ovulation.

What is the key difference between Positive Feedback and Negative Feedback?

Positive feedback amplifies a response, while Negative Feedback suppresses a response.

Which type of feedback maintains homeostasis?

Negative feedback.

Which hormone initiates the reproductive hormone pathway?

GnRH.

Which pituitary hormone stimulates the ovaries?

LH.

Which hormone provides Positive Feedback before ovulation?

Estrogen.

Which hormone provides Negative Feedback after ovulation?

Progesterone.

What structure produces progesterone after ovulation?

The corpus luteum.

What is Motivation?

The processes that explain why we think, feel, and behave the way we do.

What question does Motivation attempt to answer?

Why we think, feel, and behave the way we do.

What are the five major approaches to Motivation?

Evolutionary Approach, Drive Reduction Theory, Optimum Arousal Theory, Cognitive Theory, and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

What does the Evolutionary Approach to motivation emphasize?

The role of instincts in promoting survival.

What are Instincts?

Innate, unlearned behaviors that promote survival.

What are examples of instinctive behaviors in infants?

Crying, sleeping, and eating.

What does Drive Reduction Theory focus on?

The relationship between needs, drives, and homeostasis.

What is a need in Drive Reduction Theory?

A lack or deprivation that energizes a drive.

What is a drive in Drive Reduction Theory?

An aroused state created by an unmet need that motivates behavior.

What is the relationship between needs and drives?

A need creates a drive, and satisfying the drive reduces the need.

How does Drive Reduction Theory maintain homeostasis?

Fulfilling drives reduces physiological needs and restores balance.

What types of needs are emphasized in Drive Reduction Theory?

Basic, essential, physiological needs.

In Drive Reduction Theory, what is the need and drive when someone is thirsty?

Need: water; Drive: thirst.

What does Optimum Arousal Theory propose?

People are motivated to achieve an optimal level of arousal or alertness.

What is an example of Optimum Arousal Theory?

Seeking excitement by going to an amusement park.

What does Cognitive Theory propose about motivation?

Thought processes and decision-making drive behavior.

What does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs propose?

People are motivated to satisfy needs in a specific order.

How are the major theories of motivation related?

They each explain different aspects of motivation and complement one another.

What is the Id?

The innate reservoir of all psychic energy that contains instincts and seeks immediate gratification.

What motivates the Id?

The Pleasure Principle.

What is the Pleasure Principle?

Seeking pleasure and avoiding pain through immediate gratification.

How does the Id reduce tension?

Through reflex actions, primary processes, and wish fulfillment.

What are reflex actions in the Id?

Automatic responses such as sneezing.

What are primary processes in the Id?

Forming mental images of desired objects.

What is wish fulfillment?

Imagining a desired object to temporarily reduce discomfort.

What is the Ego?

The part of personality that mediates between the Id, Superego, and reality.

What principle guides the Ego?

The reality principle.

What is the reality principle?

Delaying gratification and making realistic decisions based on the environment.

What are secondary processes?

Reality testing used by the Ego to satisfy desires appropriately.

What is the Superego?

The internalization of cultural ideals, morals, and parental values.

What is the primary function of the Superego?

To inhibit sexual and aggressive impulses and strive for moral perfection.

What are the two subsystems of the Superego?

The conscience and the ego ideal.

What is the conscience?

The part of the Superego that represents what is wrong and should not be done.

What is the ego ideal?

The part of the Superego that represents what is right and who a person strives to become.

How are the Id, Ego, and Superego commonly illustrated?

As the devil (Id), the deciding self (Ego), and the angel (Superego).

What is the goal of psychoanalytic therapy regarding the Id, Ego, and Superego?

To bring unconscious intrapsychic conflicts into conscious awareness.

What does Incentive Theory emphasize?

External incentives, community values, and culture as motivators of behavior.

What is Extrinsic Motivation?

Motivation driven by external rewards or obligations.

What are examples of Extrinsic Motivation?

Working for money, grades, or fame.

What is Intrinsic Motivation?

Motivation driven by internal enjoyment or personal satisfaction.

What is drive-reduction motivation?

Motivation to satisfy a physiological drive such as hunger or thirst.

What is Amotivation?

The absence of motivation.

What are the five theories of motivation?

Evolutionary Approach, Drive Reduction Theory, Optimum Arousal Theory, Cognitive Theory, and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

What is the sequence in Drive Reduction Theory?

Need → Drive → Behavior → Homeostasis.

Which motivation theory focuses on instincts?

Evolutionary Approach.

Which motivation theory focuses on physiological needs?

Drive Reduction Theory.

Which motivation theory focuses on achieving an optimal level of alertness?

Optimum Arousal Theory.

Which motivation theory emphasizes thinking and decision-making?

Cognitive Theory.

Which motivation theory organizes needs into a pyramid?

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

Which personality structure follows the pleasure principle?

Id.

Which personality structure follows the reality principle?

Ego.

Which personality structure represents morality?

Superego.

What is the difference between Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Motivation?

Intrinsic Motivation comes from internal satisfaction, while Extrinsic Motivation comes from external rewards.

What is Amotivation?

Lack of motivation.

What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

A theory proposing that human needs are fulfilled in a specific order from the most basic to the highest level.

Who proposed the Hierarchy of Needs?

Abraham Maslow.

How are Maslow's needs organized?

As a pyramid from bottom to top.

How must Maslow's needs be fulfilled?

In order, beginning with the lowest-level needs before progressing to higher-level needs.

Which needs are the most fundamental in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Physiological needs.

How many levels are in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Five.

What are the five levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Self-esteem, and Self-actualization.

What are physiological needs?

Basic survival needs including food, water, breathing, and sleep.

Why are physiological needs the foundation of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

They are essential for survival.

What are safety needs?

Needs for stability, security, protection, health, employment, resources, property, and freedom from threats.

When can safety needs be fulfilled?

After physiological needs are met.

What are examples of safety needs?

Employment, health, resources, property, security, and protection.

What are love/belonging needs?

The need for acceptance, friendships, intimacy, love, and belonging.

Why are love/belonging needs considered social needs?

They involve relationships and acceptance by others.

What are self-esteem needs?

The need for confidence, achievement, recognition, competence, skill, and respect.

What is the goal of self-esteem needs?

To develop confidence, competence, and a sense of accomplishment.

What is self-actualization?

Achieving one's maximum potential and becoming the best version of oneself.

How does self-actualization differ among individuals?

It is unique to each person's goals and definition of maximum potential.

What qualities characterize self-actualized individuals?

They live according to their principles and have fulfilled the lower levels of the hierarchy.