DRR

Debris

Scattered remains or fragments of something destroyed (e.g., rubble, wreckage, rock fragments).

Eruption

Sudden and violent release of molten rock, gas, or ash from a volcano or geyser.

Fumarole

An opening in the Earth's crust that emits steam and gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide.

Geology

The study of Earth’s structure, composition, history, and processes.

Map

A flat, symbolic representation of the Earth’s surface showing landforms, features, and distances.

Mitigation

The act of reducing or preventing the harmful effects of a hazard or disaster.

Geological hazards

are natural Earth processes that can cause loss of life, injuries, property damage, and environmental destruction.

Man-made activities 

such as mining, deforestation, and poor land use increase the risks and severity of these hazards.

Earthquakes

Caused by movement of Earth’s crustal plates that build up stress until rocks suddenly slip along a fault line.

Volcanic Eruptions

Occur when lava, ash, and gases are expelled from a volcano’s vent.

Mass Movements

are the downward movement of rock, soil, and debris caused by gravity.

Landslides

Movement of rock or soil down a slope due to gravity.

Mudslides

Fast-moving flow of water, rock, and soil.

Avalanches

Sudden slide of snow, ice, or rock down a mountainside.

Sinkholes

forms when underground rock (often limestone) dissolves, creating a hole that collapses inward.

Geological Maps

A geological map shows different rock types, ages, and structures below the Earth’s surface.

Colors 

represent various rock types or formations.

Lines and Symbols

show boundaries, contacts, or faults.

Folds 

 represent bending of rock layers (anticlines = upward; synclines = downward).

Tilt Lines 

show direction and angle of rock layers.

Mitigation Strategies

Mitigation means taking steps to lessen the impact of geological hazards.

Barometer

Instrument used to measure air pressure. Helps predict short-term weather changes and identify pressure systems and fronts.

Hazard 

 A potential source of harm or damage to life, property, or the environment.

Hydrology

The study of water: its movement, properties, and interaction with the environment.

Meteorology

The branch of science that studies atmospheric processes to forecast weather.

Phenomena

Observable events or occurrences, often referring to natural or extraordinary events.

Typhoon 

A strong tropical cyclone in the Western Pacific characterized by low pressure, counterclockwise rotation, and violent winds.

Flood

Excess water submerging normally dry land, often caused by heavy rain, storm surges, or tsunamis.

La Niña

period of unusually cold ocean temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific, causing wetter-than-normal conditions.

El Niño

Period of unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Pacific, leading to drier and hotter conditions.

Thunderstorm

 Local storm with lightning, thunder, heavy rain, and strong winds; formed by cumulonimbus clouds.

Storm Surge

Abnormal rise in sea level during tropical cyclones due to strong winds and low pressure.

PAGASA

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration; monitors weather and climate in the Philippines.

Hydrometeorological Hazards

are caused by extreme weather and climate events such as:

Floods

Droughts

Hurricanes

Tornadoes

Landslides or mudslides

Typhoon 

Rising ocean swell, barometric pressure drops, heavy rain, strong winds

Thunderstorm

Cloud formation, dark skies, lightning, strong winds

Flood / Flash Flood 

Continuous rain, distant thunder, rapid water rise, muddy water

Storm Surge

Dark sky, low pressure, strong winds, rising sea level

El Niño

Hot weather, dry land, high pressure, temperature change

La Niña

Heavy rainfall, cloudiness, strong winds, wet land

Backdraft

An explosion that happens when oxygen suddenly enters a confined area filled with hot gases and limited air.

Haphazardly

Acting or occurring without plan, order, or organization.

Kaingin

A slash-and-burn method of farming that involves clearing forests for planting crops.

Wildfire

 An unplanned fire that spreads quickly in forests, grasslands, or other natural areas, often caused by lightning or human activity.

Heat

The energy that raises the temperature of fuel until it releases vapors for ignition.

Fuel

Any combustible material, whether solid, liquid, or gas.

Oxygen 

The air that supports combustion. Fire requires at least 16% oxygen to burn.