Human Reproduction, Development, and Immunity Flashcards

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What are the testes?

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Organs that produce sperm cells.

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What is the epididymis?

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The site of sperm development and maturing.

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Flashcards based on lecture notes about the human reproductive system, ovarian and menstrual cycles, birth control, menopause, fetal development, genetic disorders, and the immune system.

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51 Terms

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What are the testes?

Organs that produce sperm cells.

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What is the epididymis?

The site of sperm development and maturing.

3
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What are the vasa deferentia?

Tubes lined with muscle that carry sperm out during ejaculation.

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What is the seminal vesicle?

Adds fructose to semen, providing energy for sperm cells, and induces contractions of the uterus.

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What is the prostate gland?

Produces an alkaline fluid to add to semen, protecting sperm cells from the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract.

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What is the bulbourethral gland?

Secretes mucus to lubricate the urethra before ejaculation.

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What is the urethra?

A duct that carries semen or urine out of the body.

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What is the penis?

External male reproductive organ that deposits semen into the female vagina.

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What is the scrotum?

Skin and muscle that holds the testes external to the body for temperature control.

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What is the bladder?

Stores urine.

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What is the ejaculatory duct?

Where the vas deferens meets the seminal vesicle; sperm combines with alkaline fluid and fluids from the seminal vesicle.

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What is a vasectomy?

Cutting and tying off the vas deferens to stop sperm from mixing with ejaculatory fluid.

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What are the ovaries?

Organs that produce and store eggs.

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What is a follicle?

A layer of small cells that surround, nourish, and protect a single egg.

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What is the corpus luteum?

Structure that remains when the egg leaves during ovulation.

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What is the fallopian tube (oviduct)?

Structure that the egg is released into during ovulation; the site of fertilization.

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What is the endometrium?

Blood-rich tissue that lines the inside of the uterus.

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What is the cervix?

Site that must dilate (widen) during pregnancy.

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What is the uterus?

The site of pregnancy.

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What is the vagina?

Site of sperm deposit; also known as the birth canal.

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What is tubal ligation?

Cutting and tying off the fallopian tubes.

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What is bacterial vaginosis?

A condition caused by an imbalance in the microbiome of the vagina.

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What factors can influence the vagina’s microbiome?

Factors like diet, hygiene, hormone levels, and previous childbirth experiences.

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What is an ectopic pregnancy?

When an egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube.

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What are the symptoms of ectopic pregnancy?

Abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, missed periods.

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What complications can arise from an ectopic pregnancy?

Death.

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What are the risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy?

Previous ectopic pregnancy, older age, smoking, history of health infections, history of surgery on the fallopian tube.

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How is an ectopic pregnancy treated?

Surgery or medication.

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What is prostate cancer?

Cancer in the prostate gland.

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What are the severe symptoms of prostate cancer?

Trouble urinating, blood in urine or semen, unexpected weight loss, unexplained fevers.

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What are the causes/risk factors for prostate cancer?

Age, race (Black men higher risk), higher weight, family history, history of breast cancer.

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People are born with all their eggs: (Truth or Myth)?

[MYTH] Evidence suggests stem cells can create new eggs.

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Menstrual cycle is 28 days: (Truth or Myth)?

[MYTH] That's just an average; it's variable.

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Can't get pregnant on your period (Truth or Myth)?

[MYTH] Because everything is variable, this is possible.

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Fastest sperm is the one that fertilizes the egg (Truth or Myth)?

[MYTH] Sperm has to pass thru a lot of screening and tests from female reproductive system & survive.

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Fertilization isn't like breaking through a wall (Truth or Myth)?

[MYTH] Sperm are selected based on DNA.

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What is the main purpose of the ovarian cycle?

To prepare an egg for potential fertilization and release it into the fallopian tube.

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What is the main purpose of the menstrual/uterine cycle?

To shed the lining of the uterus (endometrium) when not pregnant.

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What two hormones are in combination birth control pills?

Estrogen and progestin.

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What are the hormone levels in a female on combination birth control pills?

Estrogen and progestin levels are maintained at consistent levels to prevent ovulation.

This suppresses the natural hormonal fluctuations in the menstrual cycle.

  • Weeks 1–3 (active pills): Stable, moderate levels of estrogen and progestin.

  • Week 4 (placebo pills): Hormone levels drop → triggers withdrawal bleeding (similar to period).

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How are hormone levels impacted by perimenopause?

Estrogen and progesterone levels start to fluctuate, becoming less consistent.

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How are hormone levels impacted by menopause?

Decline in estrogen and progesterone levels produced by the ovaries.

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How are hormone levels impacted by postmenopause?

Estrogen and progesterone levels decline/are low.

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What does osteoporosis do to the body?

causes bones to become weak and brittle.

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What is endometriosis?

A disease in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus.

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What are uterine fibroids?

Non-cancerous tumors that grow in or on the uterus.

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What is menorrhagia?

Excessive or prolonged menstrual flow.

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What is amenorrhea?

Absence of menstruation.

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What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

A hormonal disorder that affects women, often causing irregular menstrual cycles and increased androgens (male hormones).

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Where does fertilization occur?

Fallopian tubes (oviducts)

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Where does implantation & hCG secretion occur?

Occurs in the uterus where the blastocyst attaches and embeds in the uterine lining (endometrium), initiating pregnancy