PSYC 2101 FINAL

____ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory.
a. Falsifiability
b. Theorizing
c. Application
d. Empiricism
e. Pragmatism

d. Empiricism

What example did I use in order to start our conversation about Scientific/Critical Thinking?
a. Yoga chakras readers
b. Dream interpreters
c. Aura Seekers
d. Telepathy

c. Aura Seekers

Dr. Rooftop is conducting a study to determine the effects of sleep on stress. _______ is the independent variable in a study on the effects of sleep on stress.

a. Stress

b. The stress test

c. The type of stress

d. Sleep

e. Number of night wakings

d. sleep

_______ is the dependent variable in a study on the effects of sleep on stress.

a. Stress

b. The stress test

c. The type of stress

d. Sleep

e. Number of night wakings

a. stress

To study the potential effects of caffeine intake on Exams grades, some research participants were instructed to drink one cup of coffee 30 minutes before exam; others were instructed to drink one cup of water 30 minutes before exam. Those who consumed water were assigned to the

a. Correlational group

b. Experimental group

c. Control group

d. Epidemiological group

e. Baseline group

c. Control group

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make?

a. "The data prove my theory."

b. "My theory is generalizable."

c. "The data provide support for my theory."

d. "The data complicate my theory."

c. "The data provide support for my theory."

Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories?

a. Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate.

b. Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate.

c. Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate.

d. Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms.

b. Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate.

All of the following about personal experience is correct EXCEPT:

a. In real-world situations, there are several possible explanations for an outcome. Thus, we can't be sure what factors contributed to occur changes/outcome.

b. Considering that other individuals don't have the same experiences, we can consider them a comparison groups.group

c. Personal experience is powerful, and we often let a single experience distract us from the lessons of more rigorous research.

d. When we need to decide what to believe, our own experiences are powerful sources of information.

b. Considering that other individuals don't have the same experiences, we can consider them a comparison group.

The importance of comparison group include which of the following?

a. Only a systematic comparison can show whether your outcome is due to the variable of interest (e.g. caffeine intake, yoga, etc.).

b. Basing conclusions on personal experience is not problematic because daily life usually include comparison experiences of other individuals.

c. A comparison group enables us to compare what would happen both with and without the thing we are interested in.

d. (a) and (b)

e. (a) and (c)

f. (b) and (c)

e. (a) and (c)

To start our conversation about Scientific/Critical Thinking, I used the following Health News: "According to a new study published in the British Medical Journal in late August, people who are more reduced their risk of heart disease by 37 percent and their risk for stroke by 29 percent."

What component was investigated?

a. Fruits and vegetables

b. Unsaturated fat

c. Chocolate

d. Natural sugar

e. Potassium

c. Chocolate

Dr. Smitherman insists that all his research assistants know how to be producers of research.  All of the following relate to this requirement EXCEPT
a. he wants to make sure they understand how to write in APA style

b. he wants to make sure they understand why anonymity is important

c. he wants to make sure they understand how to interpret study results and graphs

d. he wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies

d. he wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies

Dr David believes that high doses of caffeine improves a person's exams grade.  in order to test your hypothesis she has 25 students each drink one cup of coffee 15 minutes before exam one. What is wrong with Dr David's research strategy?
a. The strength of coffee is not specified

b. no dependent variable has been specified

c. No independent variable has been specified

d. there is no experimental group

e. there is no comparison group

e. there is no comparison group

in class example ( smoking and cancer):  Dr David's former student ignored the information presented by Dr David due to which of the following?

a. being swayed by a good story

b. being persuaded by what easily comes to mind

c. failing to think about what we  cannot see

d. focusing on the evidence we like best

e. being biased about being biased

d. focusing on the evidence we like best

when people use the availability heuristic, they

a. make a judgment based on similarity

b. suffer from the large sample fallacy

c. place too much emphasis on base rates

d. make a judgment based on ease of retrieval from memory

d. make a judgment based on ease of retrieval from memory

a psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. he has given the drug to all his patients,  and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. although  in this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have

a. a reliable way to measure depressive symptoms

b. a hypothesis

c. Psychotherapy to supplement the drug

d. a comparison group that did not receive the drug

d. a comparison group that did not receive the drug

One of the reasons that well-designed research studies are superior to personal experience is that

a. They avoid constants

b. They use Confederates

c. They include at least one comparison group

d. An authority is involved

c. They include at least one comparison group

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic?

a. Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true 

b. Behavioral research involves probability sampling

c. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases

d. Behavioral research requires the calculation of probability estimates

c. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases

Suppose that someone asked you to name the most popular television situation comedies and you respond with the names of two shows that you regularly watch this would be an example of

a. anchoring and adjustment

b. An illusory correlation 

c. Representativeness

d. availability

d. availability

Angel reads about a study in which smartphone use is associated with migraine headaches. He says, “Well, that study is not valid because I use a smartphone more than anyone I know, and I never get migraines.” Based on his comment, Angel may be forgetting which of the following.

a. Science is based on empiricism

b. The study has been replicated

c. The study did not properly define smartphone use

d. Science is probabilistic

d. Science is probabilistic

Sasha believes that she's a nice person. to confirm this she asked all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she's a nice person and says she has evidence of it. Sasha would likely draw a different conclusion if she did which of the following?

a. asked her enemies if she was a nice person

b. counted up all the time she was a nice person in the past

c. asked all her friends the same question again in another 6 months

d. considered all the time she was nice to her enemies

a. asked her enemies if she was a nice person

 what is the problem with being swayed by a good story?

 a. a good story is never the true explanation for a scientific finding

 b. scientific findings never have common sense explanations

 c. a good story may not be supported by data

 d. good stories are not falsifiable

c. a good story may not be supported by data

how would you adopt the mindset of scientific Reasoner?

a. using common sense to understand scientific data

b. remaining objective as you interpret scientific data

c. finding evidence that confirms your hypothesis

d. reminding yourself that because you know about potential biases you cannot fall prey to them

b. remaining objective as you interpret scientific data

after discussion about texting while driving ( divided attention), Cyril  says to himself, “ I am sure other people are easily distracted by texting but I am unaffected.”  what is Cyril  experiencing?

a. confirmation bias

b. faulty intuition

c. hindsight bias

d. bias blind spot

e. present bias

d. bias blind spot

which of the following is a problem presented by the availability heuristic?

a. we do not examine all of the evidence only what we can quickly think of

b. we rely on the opinions of others rather than our own opinions

c. we do not carefully examine our own experiences

d. we will never be right in our conclusions

a. we do not examine all of the evidence only what we can quickly think of

which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer review?

a. it is cost-effective

b. it is more efficient / faster

c. it encourages collaboration among researchers

d. it ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality

d. it ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality

Doctor gonzalez Is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal.  he's likely to provide comments on which of the following?

a. how well the general public will understand the study

b. how well the research was conducted

c. The Prestige/ reputation of the author

d. previous studies from the same research group

b. how well the research was conducted

you and your friends go to see a speaker on campus. the speaker, Dr. Darian,  is an “expert”  on getting into graduate school. which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice?

a. his recommendations are based on techniques that have worked for his student

b. his recommendations are based on techniques that helped him get into graduate school

c. his recommendations are based on Research he conducted for his dissertation

d. his recommendations are similar to what you knew before you came to the talk

c. his recommendations are based on Research he conducted for his dissertation

which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines?

a. scientific journals are published quarterly;  popular magazines are published monthly

b. scientific journals are published on specific topics; popular magazines are not published on specific topics like psychology

c. scientific journal article findings explain all cases all of the time; Popular magazine articles explain only certain cases

d. scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not

d. scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not

compared with doing a generic internet search, why is PsychINFO  a superior way to find scientific sources?

 a. it is free

 b. it searches only sources and psychology and related fields

 c. it can be done on any computer

 d. it searches research scientists websites

 b. it searches only sources and psychology and related fields

Matthew is reading an empirical Journal article and wants to know whether the authors use the big five inventory (BFI-44)  or the NEO-PI  to measure the extraversion. in which section would he find this information?

a. Introduction

b. Discussion

c. Results

d. Method

d. Method

what is the primary difference between researchers and non-researchers?

a. researchers test their intuition with systematic empirical observations

b. researchers rely on personal experience and intuition

c. researchers were like exclusively on logic

d. researchers are strongly influenced by authority figures

a. researchers test their intuition with systematic empirical observations

When reading an empirical Journal article “ with a purpose,”  which two questions should you ask yourself as you read?

a. “What is the argument” and “What is the evidence to support the argument?”

b. “What were the methods?”  and “What are the result?s”

c. “What is the hypothesis” and “what are the explanations”

d. “What research exists on this topic” and “what research needs to be conducted to answer the question”

a. what is the argument and what is the evidence to support the argument

Which of the following scenarios should you be skeptical of an authority

a. when they present all the evidence on a topic

b. when they have a scientific degree

c. when they base their opinions on their intuition

d. when they have conducted scientific research on the topic

c. when they base their opinions on their intuition

Which of the following is the correct ordering of the sections of an empirical Journal article?

a. introduction, abstract, results, discussion, method, references

b. introduction, discussion, method, results, abstract, references

c. abstract, introduction, results, method, discussion, references

d. abstract,  introduction, method, results, discussion, references

d. abstract,  introduction, method, results, discussion, references

T/F a confound occurs when you think one thing costs an outcome but in fact other things changed, too,  so you're confused about what the cause really was

True

T/F  hypothesis nothing more than an educated guess

False

T/F  personal experience, believe bias, confirmation bias, and memorable case studies are all contributed to ignoring alternative explanations or much stronger scientific evidence

True

T/F when testing relationships, we often fail to look for absences. this tendency is known as a bias blind spot

False

T/F considering that our intuition is usually right we don't make mistake when we base our reasoning on intuition

False

Which of the following is an association claim?

   a. "Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction."

   b. "A majority of Americans like dogs."

   c. "Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners."

   d. "Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time."

a. "Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction."

Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship?

   a. negative association

   b. positive association

   c. zero association

   d. causal association

   c. zero association

Dr. Ellison finds a relation between amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a decreased amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with lower scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association?

   a. negative association

   b. positive association

   c. zero association

   d. causal association

  b. positive association

Which of the following allow us to make strong predictions using association claims?

   a. strong positive associations (closer to "+1")

   b. strong negative associations (closer to "-1")

   c. both strong positive associations and strong negative associations (closer to either "+1" or "-1")

   d. neither strong positive associations nor strong negative associations

c. both strong positive associations and strong negative associations (closer to either "+1" or "-1")

Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary?

   a. He must make a frequency claim first.

   b. He must manipulate all of his variables.

   c. He must measure all of his variables.

   d. He must conduct an experiment.

   d. He must conduct an experiment.

Which of the following is a dependent variable?

   a. one that is manipulated during a study

   b. one that is measured either before or/and at the end of the study

   c. one that is kept constant

   d. one that has only one level

b. one that is measured either before or/and at the end of the study

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing?

   a. The statistical validity of the study

   b. The internal validity of the study

   c. The construct validity of the study

   d. The external validity of the study

d. the external validity of the study

Which of the following questions assesses internal validity when evaluating causal claims?

a. Are the groups large enough to find a significant difference?

b. How well did the experiments manipulate the variables?

c. Did the researcher randomly assign participants?

d. To what populations can we generalize this claim?

b. How well did the experiments manipulate the variables?

Which of the following is a causal claim?

a. Texting interferes with a driver's ability to pay attention.

b. Most drivers have reported texting while driving.

c. Texting while driving is associated with poor impulse control.

d. Teens spend too much time texting and driving.

a. Texting interferes with a driver's ability to pay attention.

An operational definition includes all of the following, EXCEPT:

a. What variable is going to be measured

b. How it is going to be measured

c. What participants will think about the measurement

d. What does the measurement means

c. What participants will think about the measurement

Which of the following statements is representing one component of an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question?

a. measuring heart rate following exposure to snakes

b. asking the question "When was the last time you saw a snake?"

c. assigning the participant to keep a "daily fear diary" in which they track their fear level

d. asking, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"

d. asking, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"

You read a news article about a recent scientific study titled, "New Drug Reduces OCD Symptoms in Mice." To evaluate whether the title's claim is supported, you should do which of the following?

a. Ensure that the authors operationally define OCD.

b. Research the frequency of OCD in mice.

c. Check whether the authors established the three criteria for a causal claim.

d. Ask yourself whether the implication makes intuitive sense.

c. Check whether the authors established the three criteria for a causal claim.

When researchers conduct an experiment comparing two different treatment conditions, they are more concerned with ____ validity than _____ validity.

a. construct; internal

b. statistical; construct

c. internal; external

d. external; statistical

c. internal; external

Science journalists have argued that cigarette smoking leads to a variety of health problems. What type of claim are they making?

a. Causal

b. Association

c. Frequency

d. Operational

a. Causal

The absence of random assignment in any study

a. strengthens your ability to make a causal claim.

b. increases internal validity.

c. decreases internal validity.

d. strengthens your ability to make a frequency claim.

c. decreases internal validity.

In Class Activity: In order to balance the negative effect of the 10 points pop-quiz, we ended up doing which of the following?

a. Meditation

b. Balancing Yoga pose

c. Alternate nostril breathing (3-6)

d. Mindfulness meditation

e. Alternate nostril breathing with retention/holding breath (3-6-6)

c. Alternate nostril breathing (3-6)

In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other?

a. inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher

b. time investment of the study versus complexity of the study

c. importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study

d. risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

d. risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study?

a. Participants were harmed.

b. Participants were not treated respectfully.

c. Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.

d. Participants were from a disadvantaged social group.

c. Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report?

a. the principle of respect for persons

b. the principle of justice

c. the principle of beneficence

d. the principle of integrity

c. the principle of beneficence

When Concentration Camp inmates were forced to participate in the Nazi medical experiments during WWII, which principle was bridged?

a. the principle of respect for persons

b. the principle of justice

c. the principle of beneficence

d. the principle of integrity

b. the principle of justice

According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection?

a. Biological women

b. Biological men

c. Members of minority religious groups

d. People with developmental disabilities

e. Refugees/undocumented individuals

d. People with developmental disabilities

The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?

a. the principle of beneficence

b. the principle of justice

c. the principle of integrity

d. the principle of respect for persons

d. the principle of respect for persons

Which of the following ethical violations did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study?

a. Researchers told participants they were receiving treatment even though they were not.

b. Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease.

c. Participants were not told they had been infected with the disease.

d. Researchers prevented participants from seeking treatment.

b. Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease.

In Milgram's (1963) experiments on obedience to authority, participants were led to believe that they were shocking a "learner" in another room each time the learner made an error. What was the main risk to participants in Milgram's study?

a. physical harm

b. psychological distress

c. scientific fraud

d. lack of confidentiality

b. psychological distress

What was the primary ethical concern in the Milgram study?

a. The financial costs of conducting the study outweighed the benefits gained by the researcher.

b. The researchers did not debrief the participants.

c. The potential risks to participants outweighed the value of knowledge we can gain.

d. The number of people negatively affected was larger than the number of people positively affected.

c. The potential risks to participants outweighed the value of knowledge we can gain.

The principle of justice calls for a balance between 

a. costs to the participant; benefits to the participant

b. Needing to deceive participants; needing to obtain informed consent

c. The interests of the researcher; the interests of the institutional review board (IRB)

d. the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it.

a. costs to the participant; benefits to the participant

In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association?

a. the principle of consent and honesty

b. the principle of reliability and validity

c. the principle of honor and accountability/commitment

d. the principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility

d. the principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility

What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

a. to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were randomly selected

b. to review a study after its completion to determine if participants experienced any risk

c. to assess scientific fraud and self-plagiarism

d. to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were treated ethically

d. to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were treated ethically

You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document?

a. a statement of benefits

b. a statement of risks

c. a description of the study's hypotheses

d. a list of procedures

c. a description of the study's hypotheses

why is it unethical to provide an incentive that is too large to refuse (for example, offering undergraduate students free tuition for a semester for participating in study)?

a. It is unfair to other researchers who cannot afford to pay participants.

b. It unduly influences people into participating.

c. It unfairly punishes people who choose not to participate in the study.

d. It is not unethical to do this.

b. It unduly influences people into participating.

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion?

a. a researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate

b. a researcher offering either 3 points of extra credit or an alternate assignment (e.g. a research article's summary) to college students to participate in a study

c. a researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study

d. a researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants

b. a researcher offering either 3 points of extra credit or an alternate assignment (e.g. a research article's summary) to college students to participate in a study

Which of the following is a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study?

a. It prevents researchers from being sued.

b. It allows researchers to get feedback from participants about how to design follow-up studies.

c. It gives participants an opportunity to sign a waiver releasing the researcher from any liability.

d. It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.

d. It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.

Which of the following studies would probably require written informed consent?

a. an observational study that measures walking speed of people entering and exiting buildings

b. an anonymous study that measures the relationship between time spent grocery shopping and money spent on groceries

c. a confidential study examining income level and voting behavior

d. an anonymous survey asking whether students want a coffeehouse opened in the library

c. a confidential study examining income level and voting behavior

In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic?

a. They are impossible to discover

b. They are federal crimes.

c. They impede scientific progress.

d. Data are easy to acquire.

c. They impede scientific progress.

Which of the following is a primary reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify their data?

a. They feel pressure to publish findings.

b. They are "attached" to their hypothesis.

c. They are curious to see if other scientists would be able to detect the data fabrication or falsification.

d. (a), (b), and (c)

e. (a) and (b) only

f. (a) and (c) only

e. (a) and (b) only

From an ethical standpoint, in what way is researching adult prisoners with tuberculosis similar to researching children with ADHD?

a. Neither group of participants can provide informed consent.

b. Researchers must ensure anonymity when dealing with both types of participants.

c. Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants.

d. Researchers do not have to have written informed consent with these groups of participants.

c. Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants.

Which of the following has been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers?

a. Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans.

b. Animal research requires less research funding than human research.

c. Animal research is less likely to result in physical harm to the subject compared to human research.

d. Animal research has not had the same types of scandals that human research has had (e.g. Tuskegee Study).

. Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans.

When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered?

a. Refinement modify

b. Reduction less animals

c. Replacement

d. Recycling

c. Replacement

T/F "Texting while driving reduces impulse control" is an example of a causal claim.

True

T/F One criterion for determining that X causes Y is that we can determine that X occurs before Y.

True

T/F Some variables can be either manipulated or measured.

True

T/F My Dissertation Project: The Yoga Postures (YP) group had 4 males and 15 females. Thus, found results on effect of YP on one's anxiety levels can be generalized.

False

T/F External Validity means that a study should be able to eliminate alternative explanation. In other words, Variable A is the only thing that changed.

False

T/F An association claim argues that one variable causes changes in the level of another variable.

False

T/F IRBs must have a psychologist as a member.

False

T/F A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.

True

T/F The ethical principles that govern psychological research and the code of conduct for how to protect human and nonhuman participants in research are published by the American Psychological Association (APA).

True

T/F When deception is used, researchers don't have to mention it to participants at all.

False

T/F In general, the ethical use of animals in research is justified by the knowledge that is gained from the research.

True

T/F Separating participants by a physical divider is an example of anonymity.

False

What is the best way to balance characteristics about participants that can lead to alternative explanations for findings?

a. operationalization of variables

b. manipulated variables

c. random assignment

d. correlational studies

e. random sampling

c. random assignment

An operational definition includes all of the following, EXCEPT:

a. What does the measurement means

b. What variable is going to be measured

c. How easy to implement the measurement

d. How it is going to be measured

c. How easy to implement the measurement

Dr. Pierre is interested in studying levels of anxiety in children who have lived through a major natural disaster. As she plans her study, she is considering various operational definitions of anxiety. Which of the following is an example of a partial operational definition for anxiety that she could consider?

a. feeling worried

b. state of being uneasy

c. changes in heart rate while viewing images of the aftereffect of a natural disaster

d. level of apprehension

c. changes in heart rate while viewing images of the aftereffect of a natural disaster

Which of the following is NOT an operational definition of marital satisfaction?

a. a score on a scale measuring marital satisfaction; higher the score, the better marital satisfaction.

b. amount of marital unhappiness.

c. whether or not identified (ID) by a therapist as having marital problems; positive ID, lower marital satisfaction.

d. number of derogatory statements made by spouses to each other; lower the number, the better marital satisfaction is.

b. amount of marital unhappiness.

Which of the following is an example of physiological measurement?

a. level of anxiety reported by participants

b. measurements of cortisol in the bloodstream

c. number of panic attacks a patient reports

d. participants' indications of whether or not they've been diagnosed with high blood pressure

b. measurements of cortisol in the bloodstream

Taylor is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption?

a. the frequency of buying energy drinks

b. the number of cups of coffee consumed in the 24 hours prior to the study

c. whether the participant drank coffee in the 24 hours prior to the study

d. the number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during the study

c. whether the participant drank coffee in the 24 hours prior to the study

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement?

a. observational measurement

b. physiological measurement

c. archival measurement

d. Psychological measurement

e. Self-report measurement

e. Self-report measurement

What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement?

a. A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not.

b. An interval scale of measurement is a type of measurement used for categorical measurements, but a ratio scale is used for quantitative measurements.

c. An interval scale has equal intervals, but a ratio scale does not.

d. A ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people's scores, but interval scales can (e.g., Phillip is twice as fast).

a. A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not.

If Jamal wanted to test the consistency of participants' responses on a survey at two different times, what would he use?

a. internal reliability

b. pre-post reliability

c. test-retest reliability

d. interrater reliability

e. criterion validity

c. test-retest reliability

A(an) ____ measure operationalizes a variable by recording a participant's _____

a. behavioral; intrapersonal thoughts

b. physiological; biological data

c. observational; questionnaire answers

d. self-report; observable behavior

b. physiological; biological data

A researcher finds that when 40 people take a five-item measure of extroversion, their answers to each of the five items are correlated. This is

a. internal validity.

b. test-retest reliability.

c. pre-post reliability.

d. internal reliability. 

e. interrater reliability.

d. internal reliability.