Module 2 - Phonetics

Phonetics

Study of speech sounds

Acoustic Phonetics

Physical properties of speech sounds.

Auditory phonetics

How listeners perceive speech sounds

Articulatory phonetics

How speech sounds are produced

Pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism

How most speech sounds are made; air is pushed out of the lungs.

What is E?

The lungs.

What is D?

The trachea (wind pipe).

What is G?

The larynx

What is C?

The pharynx.

What is H?

The vocal tract.

What is B?

Oral cavity.

What is A?

Nasal cavity

Articulators

Lips, tongue, and teeth; help us modify different speech sounds

IPA

International Phonetic Alphabet; represents speech sounds of world languages

Why IPA instead of English letters? (4)

1. same sound, different spellings

2. same spelling, different sounds

3. 2 letters to represent one sound

4. silent letters

Phone

Speech sound

Segments

Discrete phones (include consonants and vowels)

Consonants

Obstruct airflow

Vowels

Shape airflow

Suprasegmentals

“On top” of segments, affect entire strings of phones

Syllable

Unit of speech (contains the onset and the rhyme)

Onset

The first consonant

Rhyme

Vowel and following consonant.

Nucleus

Vowel

Coda

Consonant following vowel

What is articulatory description based on?

Voicing, place of articulation, manner of articulation.

Voicing

If vocal cords vibrate

Place of articulation

Where air stream is obstructed

Manner of articulation

How air stream is obstructed

Voiceless

No vibration, vocal cords are open

Voiced

Vibration, vocal cords are closed

Bilabial

Lips coming together

Labiodental

Bottom lip + top teeth

Interdental

Tongue between teeth

Alveolar

Tongue tip + alveolar ridge

Post-alveolar

Tongue between alveolar ridge and pallate

Palatal

Tongue body on pallate

Velar

Back of tongue to soft pallate

Glottal

Using glottis

What is A?

Lips

What is B?

Teeth

What is C?

Alveolar ridge

What is D?

Palate

What is E?

Velum (soft palate)

What is F?

Tongue

What is G?

Glottis

Stop

Complete stop in airflow, then release

Fricative

Obstruct air enough to cause hissing

Affricate

Complete stop followed by frication

Tap

Quick stop

Nasal

Velum is lowered, air passes through nose

Approximant

Obstruct air, but not enough for frication. Includes liquids and glides.

Liquid

More obstruction, depends on placement in word

Glide

Slight closure