Exam 2 All about Cells

Cell wall

________ for plants are made of cellulose.

Anton von Leeuwenhook

________:: was the first person to look at living animal cells and described them as animalcules.

Robert Hook

________:: was the first person to discover cells, he looked at cork and saw the tiny spaces; which was cellulose.

Nucleoplasm

________:: in nucleus; surrounded by nuclear envelope; contains nucleus, chromosomes.

Cytoplasm

________:: background of cell; jelly like liquid that fills the inside of cell.

Chromosomes

________:: found inside the nucleus, made of chromatin, held together by centromere, made of DNA.

Germ theory

________:: states all ailment are caused by disease carrying agents, not spontaneous generation and is like the cell theory.

Robert Hook

was the first person to discover cells, he looked at cork and saw the tiny spaces; which was cellulose

Anton von Leeuwenhook

was the first person to look at living animal cells and described them as animalcules

Cell theory

Discovered by Matthis Schleiden and Theodor Schwann ; states that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells

Germ theory

states all ailment are caused by disease carrying agents, not spontaneous generation and is like the cell theory

Plasma membrane/Cell membrane

semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell

Protoplasm

living part of cell

Cytoplasm

background of cell; jelly like liquid that fills the inside of cell

Nucleoplasm

in nucleus; surrounded by nuclear envelope; contains nucleus, chromosomes

Nucleus Membrane

double layer that encloses the cells nucleus

Chromosomes

found inside the nucleus, made of chromatin, held together by centromere, made of DNA

prokaryotic

small and simpiler than eukaryotic cells; no organelles
lack a true nucleus
1 ring shaped chromosome that contains DNA; solid twisted piece
lack endomembran system; structures float freely
solid flagellum
cell wall of peptidoglycan; protein so its stable

eukaryotes

larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
have nucleus
2 or more chromosomes
flagellum in 9 to 2 microtubule arrangement
have endomembrane system; membrane bound organelles
cell wall made of cellulose in plants
mitochondria ( chloroplast; photosynthesis eukaryotes) golgi,vesicles,vacuoles, ER

nucleus>nuclear membrane>nuclear envelope

2 layers; porus
pores are surrounded by globular proteins; used to transport RNA outside nucleus

Nucleolus

within membrane
concentrated area of RNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

folded material that's in cytoplasm that is a double bi-layer

Rough ER

has ribosomes

Smooth ER

no ribosomes

golgi apparatus

flat sacks that have channels
finishes protein
Works with ER to modify secretions for usage
Transport vesicles pinch off and go here

vacuole and vesicles

Large and small
membranous pouches used for containers; single bi-layer, come and go transitory
formed by plasma membrane or ER

Food vacuole

phagocytes; eating solids

Contractile vacuole

drink liquids; collect water by absorption

Lysosomes

special vesicle containing digestive enzymes; work with food vacuoles to digest foods via digestive hydrolysis

peroxisomes

vesicle containing specialized enzymes for metabolism and toxic waste products; makes peroxide

Exocytosis

spiting out of the transport vesicle to golgi to cytoplasm

cell wall

made of cellulose

ribosomes

RNA; place where proteins are built

Plant cell characteristics

Cell wall
chloroplast
large central vacuole
definite shape
nucleus on one side of cell
can absorb liquids

Animal cell characteristics

no cell wall
no chloroplast
many small vacuoles
irregular shape
nucleus is in center of cell
lysosomes
centrioles near nucleus
can't absorb liquids bc it has no cellulose

Both characteristics

nucleus
mitochondria
cell membrane
cytoplasm
golgi
ER
Ribosomes

Endocytosis

the taking in of matter to form a vacuole

phagocytosis

takes in larger substances

pinocytosis

takes in fluids and solute

mitochondria

produces energey through cellular respiration
glucose broken down into energy and carbon dioxide; metabolize sugar into ATP
cristae folds inside

Chloroplast

In plant cells only
produces ATP nd sugar through photosynthesis
light energy + 6H2O +6CO2= C6H2O6 + O2
stacks of thylackoids inside

Endosymbiosis

were both living prokaryotes that became integrated into eukaryotic cells
Each have there own separate DNA

tight junction

adjacent cell membrane joined together by proteins to prevent materials from passing through them unregulated

Animal Cells

have no cell wall, various junctions between cells for communication, regulation of material, microbodies; specialized includes things like peroxisomes, put in hypotonic solution it swells and ruptures

Plant cells

primary wall made of cellulose; inner layer
secondary wall made of lignin; was once a living cell but now is dead and supports plant
adjacent walls are held together by sticky, jelly-like pectin in middle lamella
posses plasmodesmata (singular plasmodesmata)
Similar to gap junctions of animal cells
channels allowing for direct communication between adjacent cells
If you put in hypotonic solution it produces turgor pressure

Desmosomes

adhesion between adjacent cells via protein threads and plaque ; not as tightly held as tight junctions

Communicating / gap

Directly connects cytoplasm of 2 cells via channels allows molecules, ions, electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells

Centrioles

special organelles unique to animal cells; involved in cell division, but not in normal cell operation

Cell Membrane

The most important is that it is selectively permeable; lets dome things in and out
hydrophilic phosphate groups on the outside
hydrophobic fatty acid tails inside
has many embedded proteins, and transmembrane proteins for the transport of materials and chemical signals

Diffusion

net random movement of "stuff" from high to low concentrations; no energy required (passive)
temp and concentration drive it
stops when its at equilibrium

Gated and non gated

water moves freely through small non gated channels

globular protein

hydrophilic; tertiary structure and can be folded anyway

Osmosis

specific diffusion involving water/solvents moving from areas of low to high solute concentrations over a selectivity permeable membrane

1 solvents
2 solutes

1- do the dissolving
2- are dissolved in solvents

osmotic pressure

potential to take up water based on solute concentration

Isotonic

osmotic pressure equal

hypertonic

more solute outside of cell than inside; osmosis pulls water out of cell; cell sucked dry (Plasmolysis)

hypotonic

less solute outside of cell than inside, osmosis pulls out water into cell; swells until bursting

Polymolysis

drying out the water; which kills bacteria by adding solute; keeps from decomposing

absolute zero

when everything stops ; coldness

Facilitated diffusion

doesn't require energy; stops when at equilibrium
involves permeases
from high to low concentration until equilibrium
cells have Na-K pump= Osmotic active;sodium attract water;holds it

active transport

transport of a substance across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient
requires ATP
Na-K pump uses ATP to move ions against their concentration gradients

Increasing rate of diffusion

higher heat speeds up particle movement

Cellular Reproduction

DNA replication - how chromosomes double

Cellular reproduction in prokaryotes

binary Fission asexual reproduction by a seperation of the body into 2 new bodies (cytokinesis)
each receives one copy of DNA

Cellular Reproduction in Eukaryotes

cell cycle generate every 2 hours

Interphase

normal like functions of cell
G1- normal growth, protein synthesis
synthesis- DNA replicated in preparation for cell division
G2- cell prepares to divide; makes microtuble structure that will later be replaced

Mitosis

Prophase- chromosomes condense; sister chromatids held together at centrosomes
-cytoskeleton disassembles; spindle fibers begin to form (made by centrioles and asters in animal cells)
-nuclear envelope begins to break down
Prometaphase-between prophase and metaphase; spindles and grab chromosomes and begin to move them to the equator
Metaphase-Chromosomes lined up on the spindle equator; spindle fibers attached to opposing poles
Anaphase- spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart and bring them to opposite poles
Telophase- chromosomes clustered at poles
(nucleus begins to reform)
Cytokinesis - cell divide into daughters -plant use cell plates, then cell wall - animals have a cleavage furrow