Indians in the state of Men

12

At least __ thousand years ago, not long after the last glacial retreat, prehistoric people reached the area now known as Illinois.

Paleo-Indians

What is the period of prehistoric people who crossed from Siberia to Alaska over a land bridge and spread throughout North America called?

Mega fauna

Large animals in North America that were hunted by the Paleo-Indians, including the mammoth, mastodon, camel, bighorn bison, giant ground sloth, and giant beaver.

nomadic

The Paleo-Indians were _______, moving from one small temporary campsite to another in search of food.

Paleo-Indians

This period built efficient, easily constructed, temporary dwellings that consisted of a simple wood or cane frame structure covered with a regional bark, grass, or available hide. Usually standing eight to ten feet tall, the frames varied from domelike shapes, to cones and rectangles with an arched roof.

water

Paleo-Indian sites are often found on the outskirts of what used to be large bodies of ______ such as old glacial lakes and rivers. Perhaps they camped at the water’s edge hoping to hunt the animals that went there to drink.

True

Remains left behind by the Paleo-Indians are so few that it is very hard to know just what their lives were like. (True/False)

men

Paleo-Indian (men/women) would hunt large Ice Age animals.

women, children

Paleo-Indian ______ and _______ may have been responsible for finding the majority of the food by gathering herbs, nuts, wild fruits, digging roots and catching small animals such as frogs, turtles, birds, and rabbits.

fluting

We can be sure that Paleo-Indians carried spears because archaeologists have found four-inch long stone tools with a distinctive _____ at the lower end.

points

What are the tools that Paleo-Indians attached to spears or used as knives with a distinctive fluting called?

10,000, 3,000

Gradual changes in climate, animal life, and vegetation forced the early inhabitants of Illinois to adapt to a new way of life. This time period, from ______ BC to _____ BC is known as the Archaic Period.

False

Mega fauna roamed the prairies during the Archaic period. (True/False)

farming, gathering

The inhabitants of the Archaic Period were still mainly hunters, but _______ and ________ became more a way of life in the Late Archaic period.

atl-atl

The archaic people invented a spear thrower, called the _____, which helped them throw the spear farther and with more force. A rock was used for a weight on an _____.

axe, sinew

An ___ was made by pecking and grinding a rock to make it just the right size and shape. The Indians used notched points so that they could wrap wet ______ made from animal tendons, around the point to hold the handle in place. When the ______ dried it shrunk holding the point more securely on the handle.

nutting stones

________ _______ were among the tools found at Archaic Period sites. These were used to crush nuts or possibly grain.

False

Fishing was uncommon during the Archaic Period. (True/False)

circular

Archaic period inhabitants built _______ dwellings with pole frameworks, bark covered or earth plastered walls, and grass thatched roofs. The roofs were designed to be tall enough to hang animal hides, meat, and tobacco for drying.

Woodland

The Late Archaic peoples settled in more permanent villages as new ways of obtaining food were developed. This gave way to the _________ period from 3,000 to 1,300 years ago.

False

The term Woodland to the Eastern Woodland Indians of the 1700’s. (True/False)

600, 200

The Early Woodland period dates back to ___ to ___ BC.

ceramics

The Indians of the Early Woodland period were the first Native Americans to use _________.

False

The Early Woodland period ceramics had decorations. (True/False)

cord

The sides of Early Woodland pottery were made by pressing a ____ into the clay.

True

Houses of the Early Woodland period were not permanent because the Indians moved with the seasons, as did the herds of mammals they were hunting. (True/False)

nuts, berries, fish

Indians of the Early Woodland period gathered ____ and ______ and ate ____.

True

Early Woodland Indians used mortars and pestles to grind nuts and grains. (True/False)

Early Woodland

The _____ _________ Indians began the mound building tradition.

Middle Woodland

The ______ __________ Indians built large burial mounds. Important members of the tribe were buried in the center of the mound.

Serpent Mound

Many mounds took the shape of effigies such as the _______ _____ in Ohio, an embankment of earth resembling a snake nearly a quarter-mile long and four to five feet high. The _______ _____ most likely was used for religious or mystical purposes because of the time and effort that must have been spent constructing it. The builders carefully planned the effigy, first creating the form with stones or clay mixed with ashes and then covering it with basket loads of earth.

7, 9

The homes of the Middle Woodland Indians measured about _ by _ meters and were much more permanent than the Early Woodland.

30-40

The dwellings of Middle Woodland Indians were circular with thick insulated walls, food storage pits, and porches that would last __—__ years.

hunted, gathered, farmed

The Middle Woodland ______, ________, and ______. They had many tools and weapons, some made of antler.

Middle Woodland

The pottery of the ______ ________ period was beautifully decorated.

Middle Woodland

Archeologists have discovered that the Indians of the ______ ________ time period traded with other Indians because they found artifacts among the Illinois Indians that had to have come from another part of the continent such as copper, obsidian, and seashells.

Late Woodland

The ____ __________ societies in the upper Mississippi valley of Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota erected effigy mounds in the period from about 400 to 1100 AD.

effigy mounds

Burial mounds that resembled animals, birds, and humans.

True

Humans were buried where the heart of the animal an effigy mound resembled was. (True/False)

400, 1100

The Late Woodland societies in the upper Mississippi valley of Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota erected effigy mounds in the period from about ___ to ____ AD.

corn, gourds, squash, seed

The Late Woodland Indians lived in large settlements where they farmed. They grew ____, ______, ______, and a variety of ____ plants

False

For the Late Woodland Indians, an unstable food source led to larger and larger settlements. (True/False)

True

Late Woodland Indians made bow and arrows. (True/False)

Mississippian

The _____________ Indian period was a time of huge cities, large scale farming, and fortified walls around the cities.

Cahokia

________, in Illinois, was a huge Mississippian city that was inhabited from 700-1400 AD. The city covered six square miles and had a population of over 20,000. A wall of posts with guard towers every seventy feet surrounded the city. The stockade was built for defense.

square, rectangular

Mississippian period inhabitants lived in _____ or __________ shaped structures built of timber, mud, and thatch.

elite

For the Mississippians, public buildings and _____ residences were built on mounds and were generally larger and more ornate than the domestic structures.

temple

Mississippian villages often contained one or more ______ mounds that had structures built on top of them and were used in ceremonial and social gatherings. Ceremonies were an important part of Mississippian life.

corn, beans, squash

During the Mississippian time period ____ was a major food crop as well as _____ and ______.

True

Mississippians still gathered wild berries and fruit. (True/False)

domesticate

Turkey pens of the Mississippians have been excavated showing the attempt to ___________ animals.

whitetail deer

95% of the Mississippians’ meat diet consisted of the _______ ______.

True

Mississippians collected plants for medicinal use. (True/False)

False

The Mississippian period Indians never actually used deer hides in clothing or their antlers and bones for tools. (True/False)

1492

When did Columbus land in North America?

True

The Mississippian Indian culture ended when Columbus landed in America for unknown reasons. (True/False)

men

The word ‘Illinois’ is the French version of the Algonquin term for ‘___’.

Illini, Illiniwek

The Illinois Indians, also known as _____ or the _______, were a group of independent tribes sharing a common language and a common origin.

Algonquin

The Illinois language belonged to the central _________ group.

Confederacy

The Algonquin group is sometimes referred to as the Illinois __________. They were very loosely associated and were not politically organized into a formal confederacy like the Iroquois.

Fox River

The Illiniwek association with the French began as early as 1667 when some Indians visited a French trading post on the ___ _____ in central Wisconsin.

yearly, extended

The Illiniwek lived by combining hunting, fishing, farming, and gathering in a ______ cycle. About the first of April they returned to their semi-permanent village sites spread along the riverbank. Here, they lived in bark or reed-mat-covered framework lodges, apparently four of five families in a single lodge, probably all part of one __________ family.

buffalo

In the fall, the whole Illiniwek tribe moved onto the plains on foot for the long winter _______ hunt.

February

For the Illiniwek, _________ was the accepted time of year for war and raiding parties. These were generally small, led by a war leader, and followed strict rituals.

False

For the Illiniwek, killing the enemy was considered more honorable than taking captives. A successful raiding party often returned with many losses. (True/False)

True

Slaves were common among the Illiniwek. (True/False)

True

The Illiniwek would adopt captured women and children into their families to replace lost family members. (True/False)

True

For the Illiniwek, bows and arrows were considered superior to the gun because they could fire more rapidly. (True/False)

False

Guns were not available to the Illiniwek Indians. (True/False)

bows and arrows, clubs, tomahawks

3 weapons the Illiniwek used

European

Illiniwek arrow points and spear points were made of stone or of metal and glass obtained from fragments of _________ materials.

buffalo

Illiniwek war and raiding parties carried shields formed of several layers of ______ hide.

lacrosse, gambling

Games such as _________, ________, races, and dances were a part of Illiniwek religious ceremonies as well as recreation.

True

The Illiniwek treated the education of their children as a game. (True/False)

moccasins, loincloth

Illiniwek dress was kept to a bare minimum. Except for __________ and a ________ or skirt of some type, both sexes normally wore little clothing for every day.

buffalo

Illiniwek wore ______-skin robes during severe weather.

Jacques Marquette, Louis Joliet

The Illinois Indians encountered by Father _______ _________ and _____ _____ during their voyage down the Mississippi River in 1673 included twelve tribes.

Cahokia, Coiracoentanon, Chinkoa, Chepoussa, Maroa, Moingwena, Michigamea, Tapouara, Tamaroa, Kaskaskia, Peoria, Espeminka

Name the twelve tribes encountered by Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet in 1673 (CaCoChiCheMaMoMiTapTamKaPeEs)

Iroquois

By 1700, some of the tribes had disappeared completely and others had merged. With the increased population of white settlers in the East, the _______ were forced to move west, pushing the Great Lakes tribes out of their home territory. The Illinois tribes combined forces in an attempt to fight off this intrusion.

Pontiac

A Kaskaskian Indian killed the Ottawa chief ______ in 1769, provoking great fighting among the Lake tribes.

1832, 8

In ____, the last of the Illinois lands were ceded to the United States government and the survivors withdrew across the Mississippi River. Only _ Kaskaskia warriors were included in the group that settled with the Peoria in Kansas.

200

___ members of the Peoria and Kaskaskia were reported on the reservation in 1840.

1851

By ____, the Indian agent reported that their tribal identification has been lost and only a few remained.

Peoria

By the end of the century, the Illiniwek were essentially gone except for the ______ Indian Tribe of Oklahoma, which numbered a little over 400 in 1956.

Archaeology

___________ is the systematic study of the human past through material remains.

artifacts

Objects that people from the past left behind that are studied by archaeologists

anthropology

In North America, archaeology is largely understood as a sub-field of ____________. _____________ is the study of the human experience more generally—both in the present and the past.

Anthropological

_______________ archaeologists interpret artifacts, architectural remains, and burial sites to better understand how people lived in the past; they understand changes in style, form, and function in objects of material culture as indicative of larger cultural processes and broader social change.

context

Anthropological Archaeologists are deeply concerned with where an artifact was found and what other objects were discovered around it (this is termed an artifact’s _______).

identity

One key anthropological concept for archaeologists is _______. Archaeologists in any investigation must be highly concerned with how people saw themselves and others. What constituted a family? Were kinship ties the basic factor dividing a society? What sort of socio-political groups were formed? How did all various groups differentiate themselves from one another? And, perhaps most importantly, how are these individual and group similarities reflected in the archaeological record?

culture history method, processualism, post-processualism

Modern archaeology has formed three different (though not necessarily always opposing) schools of theory: the ______ _______ _______, _____________, and ____-____________.

culture history method

The ______ ______ _______ rose to prominence near the beginning of the 20th century. It is most clearly distinguished by its use of inductive reasoning (working from known historical records backwards in time), a focus on categorizing artifacts and culture into types, and for developing broad-sweeping narratives of the past that cover massive swaths of time.

Processualism

_____________ rose out of desire to shift the path of archaeology towards hard science. ……………..ists pride themselves on utilizing testable, positivistic research methods and paying close attention to environmental and ecological cause and effect models (often assuming the environmental factors to be the root of change). ……………..ists moved beyond the sometimes simplistic categorizations of culture-historians to ask deep questions about why people changed and how new ways of life were developed.

Post-processualism

_____-_____________ employs social science methods to focus on the power of individuals and the ability of people to make decisions and control their own lives. _____-_____________ often points out the similarities between people in the past and today, and is acutely concerned with the relevance and purpose of practicing archaeology today.

True

Most modern archaeologists combine processual and post-processual techniques in their research. (True/False)

Absolute

________ dating examines the physical and/or chemical properties of an artifact and gives a specific date (or range) of BC or AD dates.

Radiocarbon

___________ dating is perhaps the most common form of absolute dating. By measuring the number of half-lives of the radioactive isotope carbon-14 (C-14) that occurs naturally in organic materials, and utilizing various calibration curves for different locations, scientists are able to date almost any organic material.

Dendrochronology

________________ is another common method of absolute dating. By cross-referencing tree rings from trees with known dates, ……………….ists are able to date many structures built with wooden elements.

True

In contrast to absolute dating, relative dating methods rarely produce a direct calendrical date. (True/False)

superposition

In contrast to absolute dating, relative dating methods rarely produce a direct calendrical date. Instead, they place artifacts and contexts in terms of being older or younger than other objects found at the site. For example, in an undisturbed (non-plowed) archaeological deposit, an arrowhead found in a layer of soil below a layer of soil containing an axe-head, the arrowhead would be assumed to be older than the axe-head (which was found closer to the surface). These assumptions are often based on the geologic law of ____________. In geology, sedimentary layers (layers of rock and soil) are believed to have been deposited in a time sequence; layers get progressively older as they get deeper.