Is Matter Around Us Pure - Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key definitions, classifications, formulas, and concepts from Chapter 2: Is Matter Around Us Pure.

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Pure Substance

A substance made up of only a single type of particle, meaning only one type of atom or only one type of molecule.

Element

A pure substance made up of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any physical or chemical method.

Compound

A pure substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion by mass that cannot be separated into its constituents by any physical process.

Mixture

A substance containing two or more pure substances (elements or compounds) physically mixed together in any proportion, without being chemically combined.

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout, with components that are not visible to the naked eye.

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture that does not have a uniform composition throughout and possesses visible boundaries of separation between its components.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances where the particle size is smaller than $1\,\text{nm}$ ($10^{-9}\,\text{m}$) in diameter.

Solute

The minor component of a solution that is dissolved in the solvent.

Solvent

The major component of a solution that dissolves the solute.

Tincture of Iodine

A liquid solution formed by dissolving iodine (solid solute) in alcohol (liquid solvent).

Suspension

A heterogeneous mixture in which solute particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium, with particles visible to the naked eye (larger than $1000\,\text{nm}$).

Colloid

A heterogeneous mixture that appears homogeneous, with particle sizes between $1\,\text{nm}$ and $1000\,\text{nm}$ that are large enough to scatter light.

Dispersed Phase

The solute-like component or insoluble particles distributed throughout a colloidal solution.

Dispersing Medium

The continuous medium in which the colloidal particles of the dispersed phase are distributed.

Tyndall Effect

The phenomenon of scattering of light when a beam passes through a colloidal solution or fine suspension, making the path of light visible.

Aerosol

A colloidal system in which a liquid or solid dispersed phase is dispersed in a gas dispersing medium (e.g., fog, clouds, mist, smoke).

Emulsion

A colloidal system in which a liquid dispersed phase is distributed within a liquid dispersing medium (e.g., milk, face cream).

Sol (Colloidal System)

A colloidal system consisting of a solid dispersed phase in a liquid dispersing medium (e.g., milk of magnesia, mud).

Gel

A colloidal system in which a liquid dispersed phase is held within a solid dispersing medium (e.g., jelly, cheese, butter).

Saturated Solution

A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature.

Unsaturated Solution

A solution in which the amount of solute dissolved is less than its saturation level at a given temperature.

Solubility

The maximum amount of solute present in a saturated solution at a particular temperature.

Concentration of a Solution

The amount of solute dissolved in a given mass or volume of a solution.

Mass Percentage of a Solution

The concentration expressed as $\frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\text{Mass of solution}} \times 100$.

Physical Change

A temporary and reversible change affecting only the physical properties of substances, where no new substance is formed.

Chemical Change

A permanent and irreversible change in which one or more new substances with entirely new chemical properties are formed.

Metal

An element that is lustrous, malleable, ductile, sonorous, and a good conductor of heat and electricity.

Non-metal

An element that is non-lustrous, non-malleable, non-ductile, non-sonorous, and a poor conductor of heat and electricity.

Metalloid

An element that exhibits intermediate properties between metals and non-metals (e.g., boron, silicon, germanium).

Filtrate

The clear liquid collected after passing a mixture through a filter or strainer.

Residue

The insoluble solid particles left behind on the filter paper or strainer during filtration.